Thomas Jefferson :: essays research papers

Thomas JeffersonThe book that I choose to read and analyze was Jefferson The Virginian, written by Dumas Malone. This book was the first ledger and it was written in 1948. I choose this book because I have always been interested in Thomas Jefferson and his sprightliness. I found this book to be extremely informative about Jefferson. It included growing up on the fringe of western settlement in Virginia, the college of William and Mary in Williamsburg, to the years he served in the Virginia bear of Burgesses, to helping write the Declaration of Independence, and to his years as president of the United States.Thomas Jefferson was born April 2nd 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia. His parents were Peter Jefferson and Jane Randolph, the House they live in was called Shadwell, it was named after the parish in London where his mother was from. Jeffersons father died in the summer of 1757. In Peter Jeffersons will he said not until his son turned twenty-one would he be able to receive wh at had been left to him, which included lands on either the Rivanna or the Fluvanna, a proper share of the livestock, half of the slaves not disposed of, and the residue of the estate. After his fathers death he had no true father go in in his early life. The man who had the greatest impact early in his life was while he was studying under the Reverend James Maury. This compact probably did little to influence Jeffersons political views in future years, but Maury did encourage him to study the classics like the Greeks and Italians. After leaving from Maurys drill he attended William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. The mostinfluential professor that he had here was William Small who taught philosophy. Another Influence that Small had on his life was that he got Jefferson work in the law office of George Wythe. He studied law for five years under Wythe. While under Wythes leadership Jefferson became friends with the governor of the time Francis Fauquier, he was able to meet hi m through Wythes service on the general court. In 1767 he was elect to the Virginia House of Burgess at the age of twenty-five, and five years later he married Martha Wayles Skelton.When it came to time for the revolution against the British Empire, Thomas Jefferson was more than ready. to begin with he wrote his chief literary contribution to the revolutionary cause, he wrote Summary View.

Molding of Society in Saramagos Blindness Essay -- Jose Saramago

To an extent, fear can be used as a way to mold society. The fear of terrorism set out by the event of 9/11 made it a more fear-driven world with growing minds of over analytical, blind, ignorant and assumable citizens, finger-pointing at others. But Jose Saramagos Blindness shows the mishap of fear molding our society. An epidemic of a bright, clean-living blindness affecting all people, such brightness that no one would see anything but the washrag brightness itself, the novel uses this metaphorically as that we take in to ignore so much of the misery that goes on around us, the awful things that ar happening in front of us, the despicable aspects of life. Instead, we chose to see what we want to see. wait here, blind man, let me tell you something, either the two of you get back to where you came from, or youll be shot, Lets go, say the wife, theres nothing to be done, theyre not to blame, theyre terrified and are merely obeying orders... (Saramago 63) This scene involves the blind in the institution, specifically the doctor and his wife that came to ask a oppose for any antibiotics for a wounded man. This and other scenes throughout the novel shows the panic and fear from society and the government of this epidemic of blindness rapidly spreading with no reason. And particularly found in this quote is the top executive and the ability to implant such threat and fear in the blind internees, who are not only afraid of their own life thats hanging by a string because of th... Molding of Society in Saramagos Blindness Essay -- Jose Saramago To an extent, fear can be used as a way to mold society. The fear of terrorism set out by the event of 9/11 made it a more fear-driven world with growing minds of over analytical, blind, ignorant and assumable citizens, finger-pointing at others. But Jose Saramagos Blindness shows the possibility of fear molding our society. An epidemic of a bright, white blindness affecting all people, such brightn ess that no one would see anything but the white brightness itself, the novel uses this metaphorically as that we choose to ignore so much of the misery that goes on around us, the awful things that are happening in front of us, the despicable aspects of life. Instead, we chose to see what we want to see. Look here, blind man, let me tell you something, either the two of you get back to where you came from, or youll be shot, Lets go, said the wife, theres nothing to be done, theyre not to blame, theyre terrified and are only obeying orders... (Saramago 63) This scene involves the blind in the institution, specifically the doctor and his wife that came to ask a guard for any antibiotics for a wounded man. This and other scenes throughout the novel shows the panic and fear from society and the government of this epidemic of blindness rapidly spreading with no reason. And particularly found in this quote is the power and the ability to implant such threat and fear in the blind internee s, who are not only afraid of their own life thats hanging by a string because of th...

America and Haiti Essay example -- American History

America and HaitiThe join States interest in Haiti, as mentioned above, began a huge add-on in the first decade of the twentieth century. The extent of U. S. economic penetration was not as great as that of France and Germany, but by 1910 it controlled sixty percentage of Haitis import industry. Unfortunately, the Haitian banking system did not follow this path and was, at this time, perilously close to domination by European interests. (Langley, 1982, 70) In an private road to gain more control over Haitian economic affairs, the United States engaged in a battle with France and Germany over the Banque Nationale. Two banks from the U. S. attempted to meet control of the bank but lost out to a German bank, which proceeded to ally itself with the Banques French managers in an effort to acquire domination. But the United States protested the exclusion of American banks so forcefully that the French and Germans folded and agreed to let the two American banks have a fifty percent shar e in the Banque Nationale. With a foot in the door, the Americans essentially took control of the Banques management. In doing so they gained much influence over the Haitian government executives, who relied on the Banque to hiding monthly expenses. This would prove to be a huge asset in terms of fulfilling American interests in Haiti in the future.The administration under William Taft that was in supply in the United States at this time saw Haiti experience almost continuous insurrection and political disorders. American warships were constantly present in the region, and by 1911 there were never less than five patrolling the Haitian waters at any given time. Things became so unstable in August that the Naval miss in Haiti was granted the power to ... ...ars An Inner History of the American Empire, 1900-1934 The University Press of Kentucky (Lexington, 1983).Langley, Lester D. The United States and the Caribbean in the Twentieth Century The University of Georgia Press (Athens, 1982).Shannon, Magdaline W. Jean Price-Mars, the Haitian Elite and the American Occupation, 1915-1935 St. Martins Press, Inc. (New York, NY, 1996). http//www.arlingtoncemetery.com/awcatlin.htmMarine officer who participated in almost all the major US military interventions in the Caribbean, from the Spanish-American War to the occupation of Haitihttp//www-cgsc.army.mil/csi/pubs/intrvene.htm enceinte bibliography for sources detailing U.S. inteventionism in the early twentieth century.http//aristotle.schreiner.edu/worldpac/eng/r000010/r009697.htmBook detailing U.S. intervention in Haiti.http//www.medalia.net/Hhistory.html

Melting Pot of America :: essays research papers

Melting Pot of AmericaMigrationsAs state grew during the Paleolithic period, people wanted more(prenominal) space to live a roam about(predicate). Since they didnt have a stable place to live, they were always moving and finding better places. Evidence indicates that the firstborn peoples to migrate into America, coming from northeastern Siberia into Alaska (the Bering Straits), were carrying stone tools during Paleolithic period. They lived in groups of about 100. They used skin tents for shelter. They were nomadic, moving camp several times each division to take advantage of seasonal sources of food. Groups gathered a couple times a year to trade and gather valuable information that could be obtained about new sources of food or raw materials. It led families to move into new territory, eventually into Alaska and then farther south into the Americas. Evidence from the study of Native American languages, and materials, suggest that these earliest migrations may have taken plac e around 30,000 years ago. Bone tools, founded in Canada, have been discovered that have been radiocarbon-dated to 22,000 BC.Early Population It is estimated that at the time of first European contact, North and South America was inhabited by more than 90 million people about 10 million in America north of present- day Mexico 30 million in Mexico 11 million in Central America 445,000 in the Caribbean islands 30 million in the South American Andean region and 9 million in the remainder of South America. These population figures are a furious estimate (some authorities cite much lower figures) exact figures are impossible to ascertain. When colonists began keeping records, the Native American populations had been drastically reduced by war, famine, constrained labor, and epidemics of diseases introduced through contact with Europeans.Europeans reactionsEarly Europeans were welcomed by the Native Americans to America. Native Americans viewed the visitors in amazement because of their clothing, ships, their technology (steel knives and swords, guns, mirrors, kettles) and other items unusual to the way of life of Native Americans. The supreme goal for the Europeans was God, Gold, Glory, and it is because of this that ruined the good relationship between Europeans and the Natives. In the end the Europeans would overpower the Natives and would ultimately take their gold, have their glory, and make them believe in their god. devotionMost Native Americans believe that in the universe there exists an Almighty.

Divorce Essay -- essays research papers

The number of children who were maintenance with only one of their biological p arents from 1900 to 1972 increased by 700%. Can we call this beneficial on the childs maturing and mental stability and development? Between 1970 and 1996 the proportion of children under 18 living with only one of their parents grew from 12% to 28%. While the percentage of children living with both parents declined from 85% to 68%. As this century has passed, more and more divorces are taking place at an increased rate each year, and date it may be hard on the parents, its detrimental to so many children. It confuses them, upsets them, and leaves them questioning many things, most of which they will never find out until they are older. From 1950 to 1980 there has been a total of 175% increase in divorces. The statistics now indicate, that fractional of all children will protest the breakup of a parents marriage, of these close to half of them will go on to see the break up of a parents second marria ge, thats indicating a 25% increase each year The latest figures released expose that all in all, between 1970 and 1996 the number of divorced people has more than quadrupled. 10% of these children that witness this first divorce will go on to witness three or more family breakups. I am here to give my thoughts and opinions on the issue of now in this 20th century, the increased rate of children growth mentally without a fatherly figure in the family is harming the childrens development.Tim Rotheisl...

Divorce Essay -- essays research papers

The number of children who were living with only one of their biological parents from 1900 to 1972 increased by 700%. Can we call this sound on the childs maturing and mental stability and development? Between 1970 and 1996 the proportion of children under 18 living with only one of their parents grew from 12% to 28%. While the share of children living with both parents declined from 85% to 68%. As this century has passed, more and more divorces are taking place at an increased commit distributively year, and while it may be hard on the parents, its detrimental to so many children. It confuses them, upsets them, and leaves them questioning many things, most of which they will never find turn up until they are older. From 1950 to 1980 there has been a total of 175% increase in divorces. The statistics now indicate, that half of all children will witness the breakup of a parents marriage, of these tightfitting to half of them will go on to see the break up of a parents second ma rriage, thats indicating a 25% increase each year The a la mode(p) figures released show that all in all, between 1970 and 1996 the number of divorced people has more than quadrupled. 10% of these children that witness this first divorce will go on to witness three or more family breakups. I am here to give my thoughts and opinions on the issue of now in this 20th century, the increased rate of children developing mentally without a fatherly figure in the family is harming the childrens development.Tim Rotheisl...

Simple Linear Regression

Simple huntar regression is the statistic method used to make summary of and provide the association between uncertains that are continues and quantitative ,basically it deals with deuce measures that describes how strong the unidimensional affinity we washbasin compute in selective information .Simple linear regression consist of one variable know as the forecaster variable and the other variable denote y known as response variable .It is expected that when we talk of primary linear regression to butt on on deterministic relationship and statistical relationship, the concept of least retrieve square .the rendering of the b0 and b1 that they are used to interpret the estimate regression . t present is also what is known as the race regression line and the estimate regression line .This linearity is measured using the correlation coefficient (r), that can be -1,0,1.The strength of the association is determined from the honour of r .( https//onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/s tat501/node/250). History of simple-minded linear regression Karl Pearson established a demanding treatment of Applied statistical measure known as Pearson harvest Moment Correlation .This come from the thought of Sir Francis Galton ,who had the idea of the modern notions of correlation and regression ,Sir Galton contributed in science of biological science ,psychology and Applied statistics . It was seen that Sir Galton is fascinated with genetics and heredity provided the initial inspiration that led to regression and Pearson Product Moment Correlation .The thought that encouraged the advance of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation began with vexing problem of heredity to understand how closely features of generation of living things exhibited in the next generation. Sir Galton took the approach of using the sweet pea plant to check the characteristic similarities. ( Bravais, A. (1846).The use of sweet pea was motivated by the fact that it is self- fertilize ,daughter plants shows differences in genetics from mother with-out the use of the second nourish that ordain lead to statistical problem of assessing the genetic combination for both parents .The first insight came almost regression came from deuce dimensional diagram diagramting the sizing independent being the mother peas and the dependent being the daughter peas.He used this representation of entropy to show what statisticians call it regression today ,from his plot he realised that the median weight of daughter seeds from a particular size of mother seed approximately described a straight line with positive slope less than 1. Thus he naturally reached a straight regression line ,and the never-ending variability for all arrays of character for a prone character of second .It was ,perhaps best for the progress of the correlational calculus that this simple special case should promulgated first .It so simply grabbed by the beginner (Pearson 1930,p.5).Then it was later generalised to more co mplex way that is called the multiple regression. Galton, F. (1894),Importance of linear regressionStatistics usually uses the term linear regression in interpretation of data association of a particular survey, research and experiment .The linear relationship is used in forgeling .The assumeling of one explanatory variable x and response variable y will require the use of simple linear regression approach .The simple linear regression is verbalise to be broadly useful in methodology and the practical application. This method on simple linear regression model is not used in statistics totally but it is applied in many biological, social science and environmental research. The simple linear regression is worth importance because it gives indication of what is to be expected, mostly in monitoring and amendable purposes involved on some disciplines(April 20, 2011 , plaza ,).Description of linear regression The simple linear regression model is described by Y=(?0 + ?1 +E), this is t he mathematical way of showing the simple linear regression with labelled x and y .This comparability gives us a clear idea on how x is associated to y, there is also an actus reus term shown by E. The term E is used to justification for inconsistency in y, that we can be able to detect it by the use of linear regression to give us the amount of association of the ii variables x and y .Then we have the parameters that are use to represent the population (?0 + ?1x) .We then have the model condition(p) by E(y)= (?0 + ?1x), the ?0 being the intercept and ?1 being the slope of y ,the basal of y at the x values is E(y) . The hypothesis is impinge ond is we assume that there is a linear association between the two variables ,that being our H0 and H1 we assume that there is no linear relationship between H0 and H1. Background of simple linear regression Galton used descriptive statistics in parliamentary law for him to be able to generalise his work of different heredity problems .The needed opportunity to break up the process of analysing these data, he realised that if the degree of association between variables was held constant,then the slope of the regression line could be described if variability of the two measure were known . Galton assumed he estimated a single(a) heredity constant that was generalised to multiple inherited characteristics .He was wondering why, if such a constant existed ,the sight slopes in the plot of parent child varied too more than over these characteristics .He realise variation in variability amongst the generations, he attained at the idea that the variation in regression slope he harbored were solely due to variation in variability between the various set of measurements .In resent terms ,the principal this principal can be illustrated by assuming a constant correlation coefficient but varying the archetype deviations of the two variables involved . On his plot he found out that the correlation in each data set. He then observe three data sets ,on data set one he realised that the standard deviation of Y is the same as that of X , on data set two standard deviation of Y is less than that of X ,third data set standard deviation of Y is great than that of X .The correlation remain constant for three sets of data even though the slope of the line changes as an outcome of the differences in variability between the two variables.The rudimentary regression equivalence y=r(Sy / Sx)x to describe the relationship between his paired variables .He the used an estimated value of r , because he had no knowledge of calculating it The (Sy /Sx) expression was a subject field factor that helped to adjust the slope according to the variability of measures .He also realised that the ratio of variability of the two measures was the key factor in find out the slope of the regression line .The uses of simple linear regression Simple linear regression is a typical Statistical selective information Analysis strate gy. It is utilised to decide the degree to which there is a direct connection between a needy variable and at least one free factors. (e.g. 0-100 quiz score) and the free variable(s) can be estimated on either an all out (e.g. male versus female) or consistent estimation scale.There are a hardly a(prenominal) different suppositions that the information must full fill keeping in mind the end goal to meet all requirements for simple linear regression. elemental linear regression is like connection in that the reason for existing is to scale to what degree there is a direct connection between two factors.The real contrast between the two is that relationship sees no difference amongst the two variables . Specifically, the reason for simple linear regression anticipate the estimation of the reliant variable in light of the estimations of at least one free factors. https//www.statisticallysignificantconsulting.com/RegressionAnalysis.htmReferenceBravais, A. (1846), Analyse Mathematique sur les Probabilites des Erreurs de Situation dun Point, Memoires par divers Savans, 9, 255-332.Duke, J. D. (1978),Tables to Help Students perceptiveness Size Differences in Simple Correlations, Teaching of Psychology, 5, 219-221. hold backzPatrick, P. J. (1960),Leading British Statisticians of the Nineteenth Century, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 55, 38-70.Galton, F. (1894),Natural Inheritance (5th ed.), New York Macmillan and Company.https//onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat501/node/250.https//www.statisticallysignificantconsulting.com/RegressionAnalysis.htmGhiselli, E. E. (1981),Measurement Theory for the behavioral Sciences, San Francisco W. H. Freeman.Goldstein, M. D., and Strube, M. J. (1995), Understanding Correlations Two Computer Exercises, Teaching of Psychology, 22, 205-206.Karylowski, J. (1985),Regression Toward the Mean Effect No Statistical Background Required, Teaching of Psychology, 12, 229-230.Paul, D. B. (1995), gyptrolling Human Heredity, 186 5 to the Present, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. Humanities Press.Pearson, E. S. (1938),Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis (2nd ed.), Belmont, CA Duxbury.Pearson, K. (1896),Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. III. Regression, Heredity and Panmixia, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 187, 253-318.Pearson, K. (1922),Francis Galton A Centenary Appreciation, Cambridge University Press.Pearson, K. (1930),The Life, Letters and Labors of Francis Galton, Cambridge University Press.Williams, R. H. (1975), A New manner for Teaching Multiple Regression to Behavioral Science Students, Teaching of Psychology, 2, 76-78.Simple Linear RegressionStat 326 gate to Business Statistics II redirect examination Stat 226 Spring 2013 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) mental home to Business Statistics II 1 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 2 / 47 Review evidence for Regression Example Real Estate, Tampa Palms, Florida remnant Predict s ale equipment casualty of residential property based on the appraised value of the property Data sale price and total appraised value of 92 residential properties in Tampa Palms, Florida megabyte 900 Sale Price (in Thousands of Dollars) 800 700 600 500 cd three hundred cc 100 0 0 100 cc 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Appraised Value (in Thousands of Dollars)Review evidence for Regression We can describe the relationship between x and y using a simple linear regression model of the form y = ? 0 + ? 1 x 1000 900 Sale Price (in Thousands of Dollars) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Appraised Value (in Thousands of Dollars) response variable y sale price explanatory variable x appraised value relationship between x and y linear strong positive We can estimate the simple linear regression model using Least Squares (LS) yielding the following LS regression line y = 20. 94 + 1. 069x Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statist ics II / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 4 / 47 Review demonstration for Regression Interpretation of estimated intercept b0 corresponds to the predicted value of y , i. e. y , when x = 0 Review Inference for Regression Interpretation of estimated slope b1 corresponds to the change in y for a unit increase in x when x increases by 1 unit y will increase by the value of b1 interpretation of b0 is not forever and a day meaningful (when x cannot take values close to or equal to zero) here b0 = 20. 94 when a property is appraised at zero value the predicted sales price is $20,940 meaningful?Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 5 / 47 b1 0 y decreases as x increases (negative association) b1 0 y increases as x increases (positive association) here b1 = 1. 069 when the appraised value of a property increases by 1 unit, i. e. by $1,000, the predicted sale price will increase by $1,069. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to B usiness Statistics II 6 / 47 Review Inference for Regression mensuration strength and adequacy of a linear relationship correlation coe? cient r measure of strength of linear relationship ? 1 ? r ? 1 here r = 0. 9723 Review Inference for RegressionPopulation regression line Recall from Stat 226 Population regression line The regression model that we assume to hold dependable for the complete population is the so-called population regression line where y = ? 0 + ? 1 x, coe? cient of determination r 2 amount of variation in y explained by the ? tted linear model 0 ? r2 ? 1 here r 2 = (0. 9723)2 = 0. 9453 ? 94. 53% of the variation in the sale price can be explained through the linear relationship between the appraised value (x) and the sale price (y ) Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 7 / 47 y just (mean) value of y in population for ? xed value of x ? population intercept ? 1 population slope The population regression line could only be obtained i f we had information on all individuals in the population. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 8 / 47 Review Inference for Regression Based on the population regression line we can fully describe relationship between x and y up to a random error term ? y = ? 0 + ? 1 x + ? , where ? ? N (0, ? ) Review Inference for Regression In summary, these are important notations used for SLR Description x y Parameters ? 0 ? 1 y ? Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 9 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013)Description Estimates b0 b1 y e Description Introduction to Business Statistics II 10 / 47 Review Inference for Regression Review Inference for Regression Validity of prognostics Assuming we have a good model, predictions are only valid deep down the range of x-values used to ? t the LS regression model Predicting outside the range of x is called extrapolation and should be avoided at all costs as predictions can bring about unreliable. Why ? t a LS re gression model? A good model allows us to make predictions about the behavior of the response variable y for di? rent values of x estimate average sale price (y ) for a property appraised at $223,000 x = 223 y = 20. 94 + 1. 069 ? 223 = 259. 327 ? the average sale price for a property appraised at $223,000 is estimated to be about $259,327 What is a good model? answer to this question is not straight forward. We can visually check the validity of the ? tted linear model (through residuary plots) as well as make use of numerical values such as r 2 . more on assessing the validity of regression model will follow. 11 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 12 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013)Introduction to Business Statistics II Review Inference for Regression What to look for Review Inference for Regression Regression Assumptions residual plot Assumptions SRS (independence of y -values) linear relationship between x and y for each value of x, population of y -v alues is normally distributed (? ? ? N) r2 for each value of x, standard deviation of y -values (and of ? ) is ? In order to do inference (con? dence intervals and hypotheses tests), we need the following 4 assumptions to hold Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 13 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 14 / 47Review Inference for Regression SRS Assumption is hardest to check The Linearity Assumption and Constant SD Assumption are typically checked visually through a residual plot. Recall residual = y ? y = y ? (b0 + b1 x) The Normality Assumption is checked by assessing whether residuals are approximately normally distributed (use normal quantile plot) plot x versus residuals any pattern indicates violation Review Inference for Regression Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 15 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 16 / 47 Review Inference for RegressionReturning to the Tamp a Palms, Florida example 100 50 Residual 0 -50 -100 -150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Review Inference for Regression Going one step further, excluding the outlier yields 0. 2 0. 1 0. 0 -0. 1 -0. 2 -0. 3 4 4. 5 5 5. 5 log Appraised 6 6. 5 7 Residual Appraised Value (in Thousands of Dollars) Note non-constant variance can often be stabilized by transforming x, or 0. 5 y , or both Residual 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 4 4. 5 5 5. 5 log Appraised 6 6. 5 7 outliers/in? uential points in general should only be excluded from an analysis if they can be explained and their exclusion can be justi? ed, e. g. ypo or hamper measurements, etc. excluding outliers always means a loss of information handle outliers with caution may want to compare analyses with and without outliers Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 17 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 18 / 47 Review Inference for Regression normal quantile plots Tampa Palms examp le Residuals Sale Price (in Thousands of Dollars) 100 .01 . 05 . 10 . 25 . 50 . 75 . 90 . 95 . 99 Review Inference for Regression Residuals log Sale 50 Regression Inference Con? dence intervals and hypotheses tests -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Normal Quantile Plot -50 -100 Need to assess whether linear relationship between x and y holds true for ideal population. .01 . 05 . 10 . 25 . 50 . 75 . 90 . 95 . 99 Residuals log Sale without outlier 0. 2 0. 1 0 -0. 1 -0. 2 -0. 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 This can be accomplished through testing H0 ? 1 = 0 vs. H0 ? 1 = 0 based on the estimates slope b1 . For simplicity we will work with the untransformed Tampa Palms data. Normal Quantile Plot Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 19 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 20 / 47 Review Inference for RegressionReview Inference for Regression Example Find 95% CI for ? 1 for the Tampa Palms data set Con? dence intervals We can manufacture con? dence intervals ( CIs) for ? 1 and ? 0 . General form of a con? dence interval estimate t ? SEestimate , where t ? is the critical value corresponding to the elect level of con? dence C t ? is based on the t-distribution with n ? 2 degrees of freedom (df) Interpretation Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 21 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 22 / 47 Review Inference for Regression Review Inference for RegressionTesting for a linear relationship between x and y If we wish to test whether there exists a signi? cant linear relationship between x and y , we need to test H0 ? 1 = 0 Why? If we fail to reject the null hypothesis (i. e. stick with H0 = ? 1 = 0), the LS regression model reduces to y = ? 1 =0 versus Ha ? 1 = 0 ?0 + ? 1 x ? 0 + 0 x ? 0 (constant) Introduction to Business Statistics II 24 / 47 = = implying that y (and hence y ) is not linearly dependent on x. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 23 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Review Inference for Regression Review Inference for RegressionExample (Tampa Palms data set) Test at the ? = 0. 05 level of signi? cance for a linear relationship between the appraised value of a property and the sale price Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 25 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 26 / 47 Inference about expectation Why ? t a LS regression model? The purpose of a LS regression model is to 1 Inference about prodigy 2 estimate y average/mean value of y for a abandoned value of x, say x ? e. g. estimate average sale price y for all residential property in Tampa Palms appraised at x ? $223,000 predict y an individual/single approaching value of the response variable y for a assumption value of x, say x ? e. g. predict a future sale price of an individual residential property appraised at x ? =$223,000 Keep in mind that we consider predictions for only one value of x at a time. Note, these two tasks are VERY di? erent. Carefully think about the di? erence Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 27 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 28 / 47 Inference about prospicience To estimate y and to predict a single future y value for a given level of x = x ? we can use the LS regression line y = b0 + b1 x Simply modify the desired value of x, say x ? , for x y = b0 + b1 x ? Inference about Prediction In addition we need to know how much variability is associated with the point estimator. Taking the variability into account provides information about how good and reliable the point estimator really is. That is, which range potentially captures the true (but unknown) parameter value? Recall from 226 ? cook upion of con? dence intervals Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 29 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 0 / 47 Inference about Prediction Much more variability is associated with estimating a single observation than estimating an average individual observations always vary more than averages Inference about Prediction Therefore we distinguish a con? dence interval for the average/mean response y and a prediction interval for a single future observation y Both intervals use a t ? critical value from a t-distribution with df = n ? 2. the standard error will be di? erent for each interval While the point estimator for the average y and the future individual value y are the same (namely y = b0 + b1 x ? , the of the two con? dence intervals Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 31 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 32 / 47 Inference about Prediction Con? dence interval for the average/mean response y Width of the con? dence interval is determined using the standard error SE (from estimating the mean response) SE can be obtained in JMP Keep in mind that every con? dence interval is always c onstructed for one speci? c given value x ? A level C con? dence interval for the average/mean response y , when x takes the value x? is given by y t ?SE , where SE is the standard error for estimating a mean response. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 33 / 47 Inference about Prediction Prediction interval for a single (future) value y Again, Width of the con? dence interval is determined using the standard error SE (from estimating the mean response) SEy can be obtained in JMP Keep in mind that every prediction interval is always constructed for one speci? c given value x ? A level C prediction interval for a single observation y , when x takes the value x ? is given by y t ? SEy , where SEy is the standard error for estimating a single response.Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 34 / 47 Inference about Prediction The larger picture Inference about Prediction The larger picture contd. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Bu siness Statistics II 35 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 36 / 47 Inference about Prediction Example An appliance store runs a 5-calendar month experiment to determine the e? ect of advertising on sales revenue. There are only 5 observations. The scatterplot of the advertising expenditures versus the sales revenues is shown below Bivariate tog of Sales Revenues (in Dollars) By Advertising expenditureInference about Prediction Example contd JMP can draw the con? dence intervals for the mean responses as well as for the predicted values for future observations (prediction intervals). These are called con? dence bands Bivariate Fit of Sales Revenues (in Dollars) By Advertising expenditure 5000 5000 Sales Revenues (in Dollars) 4000 3000 2000 1000 Sales Revenues (in Dollars) 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Advertising expenditure (in Dollars) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Advertising expenditure (in Dollars) Linear Fit Linear Fit Sales Rev enues (in Dollars) = -100 + 7 Advertising expenditure (in Dollars)Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 37 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 38 / 47 Inference about Prediction Inference about Prediction Estimation and prediction (for the appliance store data) Estimation and prediction Using JMP For each observation in a data set we can get from JMP y , SEy , and also SE . In JMP do 1 2 We wish to estimate the mean/average revenue of the subpopulation of stores that spent x ? = 200 on advertising. Suppose that we also wish to predict the revenue in a future month when our store spends x ? = 200 on advertising.The point estimate in both situations is the same y = ? 100 + 7 ? 200 ? 1300 the corresponding standard errors of the mean and of the prediction however are di? erent SE ? 331. 663 SEy ? 690. 411 40 / 47 Choose Fit Model From response icon, take in Save Columns and then choose Predicted Values, Std Error of Predicted, an d Std Error of Individual. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 39 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II Inference about Prediction Estimation and prediction (contd) Note that in the appliance store example, SEy SE (690. 411 versus 331. 63). This is true always we can estimate a mean value for y for a given x ? much more precisely than we can predict the value of a single y for x = x ?. In estimating a mean y for x = x ? , the only uncertainty arises because we do not know the true regression line. In predicting a single y for x = x ? , we have two uncertainties the true regression line plus the expected variability of y -values around the true line. Inference about Prediction Estimation and prediction (contd) It always holds that SE SEy Therefore a prediction interval for a single future observation y will always be wider than a con? ence interval for the mean response y as there is simply more uncertainty in predicting a sing le value. Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 41 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 42 / 47 Inference about Prediction Example contd JMP also calculates con? dence intervals for the mean response y as well as prediction intervals for single future observations y. (For instructions follow the handout on JMP commands related to regression CIs and PIs. ) Inference about Prediction Example contd To construct both a con? ence and/or prediction interval, we need to obtain SE and SEy in JMP for the value x ? that we are interested in Month Ad. Expend. Sales Rev. Pred. Sales Rev. StdErr Pred Sales Revenues StdErr Indiv Sales Revenues Lets construct one 95% CI and PI by hand and see if we can come up with the same results as JMP In the second month the appliance store spent x = $200 on advertising and observed $1000 in sales revenue, so x = 200 and y = 1000 Using the estimated LS regression line, we predict y = ? 100 + 7 ? 200 = 1300 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 43 / 47 Need to ? nd t ? ?rstStat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 44 / 47 Inference about Prediction A 95% CI for the mean response y , when x ? = 200 Inference about Prediction A 95% PI for a single future observation of y , when x ? = 200 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 45 / 47 Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 46 / 47 Inference about Prediction Example contd Advertising exp. Sales Rev. Lower 95% Mean Upper 95% Mean Sales Rev. Sales Rev. Lower 95% Indiv Sales Rev. Upper 95% Indiv Sales Rev. Month Stat 326 (Spring 2013) Introduction to Business Statistics II 47 / 47

“More than our brother is our chastity”. How far do you find yourself able to condone Isabella’s point of view

John 1513 says Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his vivification for his friends. In the conventional Christian Elizabethan society this sentiment would have been revered Shakespeares Puritanical and Catholic audiences would have loved the ideas of self-sacrifice and the immediate ascension into heaven.However, in Measure for Measure, Shakespeare manages to challenge this verse he manipulates the situations and then ca practice sessions the audience to digest the complexity of the verse, and causes the audience to fountainhead whether Isabellas estimation that fornicating to save the life of some other is not only morally wrong and a direct re savetal of Jesus sentiment but a damning sin.Isabellas introduction into the hearten arouses intrigue in audiences and readers, as she is described as having a speechless dialect/Such as move men so it is expected that audiences and readers would be waiting with bated breath fro Isabella to meet Angelo and Shakespear e does not disap sign. The scene is written in blank verse, with unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter Isabella first line is not quite a metrically even the word honour cannot be properly stressed, and that falter changes the stave of her speech.Her second speech leaves a gap in which Angelo inserts a nippy question almost as if the incomplete pentameter forces Angelo to reply. That first break in rhythm changes the dynamics of Isabelles interaction with Angelo. Shakespeare purposefully does this in order to use language and rhythm to convey the intensity of the relationship instantly forged between them in particular the way the metre swaps between the two emiters. ulterior in the scene, the roles are reversed.On line 51, the thought of the words in the pentameter undermines their stated meaning while the words themselves speak of a certainty and finality, the rhythm is half-finished in which Isabella can metrically must- reopen the argument although Angelos words say there is nor room for argument, he does not, at some level, want to overlook the argument entirely The language of the scene shows the extent to which they are aware of each other. So from the beginning of their interaction readers and audiences alike are left to question if this awareness is befitting of a no guilt nun.Conversely, Isabella whitethorn be seen as a model of some aspects of Christian virtue in Measure for Measure, and her confrontation to giving up her virginity an extension of her inherent virtue. For instance, in title 2 Scene 2, Isabellas dialogue with Angelo expresses her quality of mercy, as although Claudios sexual transgression is a vice that I do most abhor, Isabella argues that Angelo might pardon him, / And neither heaven nor man grieve at the mercy. Furthermore she connects this value directly to paragon and her religion Why all the souls that were, were forfeit once/ And he that might the vantage best have took/ Found out the remedy. This opposes Angelos st rict adherence to the blue laws of Vienna. His speeches in this scene make repeated references to his view of the law as immobile, such as Your brother is a forfeit of the law/ And you but go through your words. He does not address the moral issues surrounding Claudios crime, and the dry legal connotations of his language may seem to lack sympathy or mercy this contrasts with Isabellas emotive language and religious allusions. This juxtaposition may have provided Shakespeares original audiences with an interesting and current rhetorical debate, as the laws of the church and Englands common laws were sometimes distinct and contradictory, causing moral and legal conflict.Moreover, the laws at the time were concerned with principles of justice, but did not often consider mercy, which was thought to be a religious virtue. Therefore, the characters of Isabella and Angelo may be intended to represent the two sides of this debate. Similarly, in John Websters The Duchess of Malfi The Duch ess is depicted as character who breaks the traditional Elizabethan revenge plot by to speak and act with the freedom of normal, albeit impulsive human beings.The Duchess is portrayed as sensual and aware of her sexuality, but is still able to become the embodiment of Christian virtue. In some ways Isabella and the Duchess are strikingly similar, but where The Duchess is overtly sexual, Isabella like Angelo, has a moral compass that causes her to view situations as either Black or White, with no in-between Insert quotation here Isabella may therefore represent the difficulties of being a model of virtue, and of holding strict set of justice and restraint whilst upholding sometimes contrasting principles of mercy and compassion.These themes would have been relevant in Jacobean society, as puritan values which Isabellas devotion may represent were meet increasingly influential politically and socially, for instance the theatres of the suburbs were at times closed by puritan int ervening. Furthermore, the plays genre of problem play allows for moral dilemmas to be raised(a) and viewed from both sides.Therefore although seems to Isabella demonstrate a struggle to become ideally virtuous, it cannot be said definitively whether she succeeds as Angelo brings to light an equally challenging view Is there no charity in sin? However, it could be argued that modern values make it difficult for todays audience and readers to full grasp the gravity of Isabellas situation. A similar story to Measure for Measure is outlined in the Elizabethan novella Eptia and Juriste by Giraldi Cintho in which Juriste is appointed governor of Innsbruck.He sentences a green man Vico to death and like Angelo, Juriste propositions Epitia for sexual favours in exchange for her brothers life, hinting that he might even marry her later. Epitia refuses indignantly My brothers life she says with noble fierceness is indeed very dear to me, but my honour is far dearer my life I would willing ly lose to save his, but I will not preserve him with my honour so it could be argued that dilemmas like this were popular and scintillating with Elizabethan audiences, as they soundless the true depth of both womens situations.Unfortunately, the representation of Isabellas religious devotion may appear to some readers and audiences humorous in its extremes, such as when in Act 1 Scene 4 she wishes for a more strict restraint even than the votarists of St Claire, a Catholic order that Shakespeares audiences may have recognized as following rigorous rules of poverty. Furthermore, Isabellas devotion to chastity may place her on what seems like a moral highroad unachievable by most, and this may causes an audience to question or disapprove of her character.However, although Isabellas resilient chastity may have therefore seemed virtuous, her direct language Better it were a brother died at once could seem unsympathetic and her use of the pronoun our in her proclamation more than our brother is our chastity could be seen as unemotional and an attempt to depersonalise he situation making it gruelinger for audiences and readers alike to empathise with her.Although, the argument of Isabellas lack of sympathy for Claudio could be countered with her argument that Angelo should put himself in Claudios place Go to your bosom, / belt ammunition there, and ask your heart what it doth know/ Thats like my brothers fault. the emphasis on the shifting pronouns enacts the level of syntax, the act of identification she seeks to prompt.Also, it may be significant that Isabella sticks to her values of chastity even though it involves emotional upheaval, whereas Angelo, when he discovers he is not the legal and moral puritan he had previously thought himself to abandons his values wholly and becomes a tyrant, exploiting both the law and the other characters for his own benefit, saying I have begun, /And now I give my sensual race the rein. So, while Angelo is portrayed as oc cupying the same if not higher moral ground that Isabella, his fall from grace is well documented and juxtaposed against Isabella who sometimes unethical but never immoral, it shows that Isabellas strength lies I her unwavering moral compass, and easily giving over her virtue would be untrue of her character. This is portrays especially well in Act 2 Scene 4, where Angelo asks who would believe thee Isabel? . Here Shakespeares use of the rhetorical question emphasises Angelos power over Isabella, in that he is relying on his unsoiled name to cheer him from prosecution.The imagery of the unsoiled name implies that Angelos power stems from his past reputation, in that no one would believe that he would be capable of succumbing to the same weaknesses as others. This point is mirrored in the Duchess of Malfi in which the Cardinal places his power in his reputation as no one expects him to be a fornicator as his position supposedly attests to his morality. In conclusion, Isabellas conf lict in the play has a deep moral centre.She wants to become a nun, but can only save her brothers life by surrendering her chastity to Angelo. When she says, More than our brother is our chastity I believe she is not being cruel or selfish, but trying very hard to adhere to an ingrained sense morality, and unlike many characters in the play, she sticks to her values and her faith and this might seem foreign even to some Elizabethan audiences, as in some cases, representations of women of this time can be seen as being limited to idolised virgins, or sexual women who were often demonised as whores.So, because Isabella is not a perfect religious ideal, but as a woman with flaws who is placed in a difficult situation, and tries to achieve the best outcome it is easy to prise her.

One Way Is to Make English Language a Compulsory Subject Essay

One way is to make side language a compulsory subject. In my school just as Mathematics, Science and other social subjects ar taught position should also be introduced as proper course. All students from their very out fronthand(predicate) education will be introduced to English. All students would be required to pass the English course before they apprize be promoted to the next regularize. For example a grade one who is not able to pass grade one English course will not be promoted to grade 2. Similarly grade two student will not be promoted to grade three until he has passed the English course. The level of complexity and difficulty of English would be change magnitude slowly and gradually each year so that when a student finishes his primary education he is able to read, write, and understand the Basic English. Communication and skills or could be improved by encouraging students to speak in English when in school rather than native language.The second way would be to di scipline all the subjects in English from the beginning instead of the topical anesthetic language. In Thailand currently all the subjects we mostly taught in the local language so that the students can grasp the ideas more quickly and easily. As a results the students became used to study everything in local language rather than English. If all the subjects are taught in English the students will learn the language more quickly and they will also be comfortable in using in the language later in their educational life when they study more advanced subjects in English. In short all schools should be made strictly English medium. From the two suggestions that I lose made I think the second one will be more effective and feasible. I say that because if all the subjects we taught in English then it would be easy for students to adapt the language.If on the others hand there is only one cause of English language and the rest of the subjects we taught in local language then the studen ts will not concentrate on the English language enough. Students might try to just pass the English course and centralize more on the others subject since they might find the other course easier to understand. An example to support my argument could be comparison of the students of India and China. From my research I have found out that students in India are taught all the subjects during their primary education in English. As a result the students do not consider English as a foreign language butrather consider English as an integral and core part of their early education. The result is that Indian students are able to understand and communicate more efficiently compared to students of other nationalities. Chines on the other hand are taught all their course in local language. So although they have sharp minds and critically they have a hand time communicating all their ideas in English language. Conclusion In conclusion, if we are use English language in all subjects and always t aught in English that students will have concentrate to study because if they not concentrate then will difficult to learning. When students can use English well they can learn the language more quickly. In Thailand should to pass the English course before then they can be promote to the next grade. If they cant pass English course then they can continue study once again until they have passed the English course. I think, this way is possible for my school.

Change and Continuity 1492-1750 Essay

An example of continuity during this time period is how Spain continued to try to penetrate Christianity. They spread Christianity to the Americas in an attempt to convert them from savages. They expelled anyone who did not follow their religion just as Spain had for years. Conquistadors continued to spread this religion throughout the pertly World and besides killed any opposition. One example of a throw during this time period could be the introduction of the Triangular Trading Route which connected the Americas to Africa and Europe.The implication of this untested system of trade was completely new to the naturals of the Americas and brought them new goods. The implementation of the new trading route had a primarily negative effect on the natives of the Americas in the sense that it introduced new diseases to the Americas to which the natives were not immune. The originator they were not immune to these diseases was because they were never exposed to them and therefore had no opportunity to build up and immunity to them. These diseases ranged from slim pox to measles. They killed millions of natives.This also lead to the start of the slave trade so that a new labor force could be used. Another example of change during this time period could be how the natives of the New World were forced into Christianity by the Catholic country of Spain. Originally, the natives of the Americas practiced a polytheistic religion which included compassionate sacrifice, cannibalism, and of course multiple gods. When the Spanish arrived to the New World, they were appalled to see the rituals of these natives and thereby forced them into the monotheistic religion of Christianity.The way they thought Christianity was they took a child and educated them on the ways of Christianity and then sent the child back to the tribe to spread the ideas of Christianity. Zheng He could have discovered the Americas in as early as 1405, because he had the technology but he instead trave led around the Indian Ocean. If he had discovered the Americas, he could have made China a world power and spread the chinese culture to the Americas. Yet another example of change during the time period of 1492 to 1750 was the introduction of the encomienda system in the New World.The encomienda system is a form of feudalism introduced to the New World by Spain from the 1400s to the 1700s. The Spaniards would be paid by the native population for protection. The initial goal of the encomienda system was to spread Christianity throughout the New World. As stated previously they spread the religion by taking one child and teaching him to read, write, and prod the Christian religion. They would send the child back and instruct him to spread the religion. This forced the natives to convert to the Christian religion.The Spaniards offered little to no protection to the native population, but quite exploited them. The natives acted as a free labor force making Spain richer than ever bef ore. This lead to yet another example of change, a dramatic decrease in the native population due to poor working conditions. Millions more died due to disease and violence inflected upon them by the Spaniards. In the end the native population was reduced by over 150 million. This also lead to an increase in the need for a labor force and so the Atlantic Slave Trade was introduced.In its time millions of Africans will be transported via boat and those who died or became sick on the treacherous voyage would simply be dumped overboard. The reason African slaves were a safe alternative to the Natives of the Americas was because they were immune to many diseases that that had wiped out the Natives of the Americas. That is why Africans were a more reliable slave labor force. This is why counterbalance though the time period of 1492 to 1750 had a lot of continuities, it had more changes.

Kush, Meroe, and Nubia

Archeologists have confirmed the inhabitation of the Nile above Aswan in the Paleolithic period that lasted more that 60,000 old age of the Sudanese history. By the 8th millennium BC, during the Neolithic era, people had settlight-emitting diode in the brick houses and their economic life was characterized by fishing, hunting along river Nile, cattle herding and iota gathering. The skeletal remains give an evidence of blending surrounded by the Mediterranean people and the Negroid during the Neolithic period that has existed until to twenty-four hour period.The northern Sudan oldest history evidence originates from the Egyptian sources that described the land upstream starting from the first cataract as wretched or Cush. For 2000 year and more in the time of old country, the economic, political and genial life of the central Nile region was influenced by the Egyptians, even as the political power of the Egyptian waned in the Cushite, the Egyptians still had a substantial influen ce in the Cushite way of life.For many centuries, the Egyptian caravan exchanged grain for ivory, carnelian, hide and incense with Cushite. Slaves and gold were highly valued by the Egyptian traders. The Egyptian penetrated the Cush in the Middle kingdom later on construction of fort at Sammah to guard the gold flow from Wawat mines.Asian nomads that were referred to as Hyksos invaded Egypt destroying many links to the Cush in around 1720 BC. During the rein of Pharaoh Ahmose 1, Egypt revived its political power during the New Kingdom around 1110BC and took the Cush as one of its provinces however there were Egyptian tri thatary districts as far as blue and white Nile and red sea. After gaining full control over the Cush, the Cush adapted every way of life and temples became their center of worship up to the sixth century after the coming of Christianity.By the 11th century, the new kingdom had collapsed, got divided and Cush emerged again as an unaffiliated kingdom that was gove rned from Napata. The Cush Kingdom conquered and ruled Egypt between 750 and 740 BC after which Egypt was re-united. Confrontation between the Assyrians and the Egyptians in 688-663BC resulted to Cush Pharaoh retaliating returning to dynasty in Napata where he originally ruled from prior to the unification of Egypt. In 590 BC, the Cush court was compelled to chance on to Meroe, a safer place than Napata due to the Egypt attack as it tried to regain its control over Cush again. Meroe developed for several centuries independent of Egypt and extended its dynasty to the present day Khartoum from the third cataract located at Sawba.The pharaoh traditions still persisted in Meroe, a well managed irrigation system sustained the huge growing population at Meroe. By the 1st century BC, there was development of the Meroitic script that was similar to the indigenous Egyptian script. The succession system at Meroe was not necessarily hereditary and wind was passed from brother to sister or to brother and selection of the queen was very crucial to smooth succession. The Cush fell after it was invade by the predatory Blemmyes who were nomads but Meroe continued to be with contact with the Indians and Arabs.By the 2nd century, the Nobatae occupied the North of Cush at West Bank, this was subsidized by the Romans as a buffer between the Blemmyes and thence the Axum in the 5th century, now the current Ethiopia that capture and demolished the city of Meroe ad there from Meroe kingdom ceased. In the 6th century, three states that were descendants of Meroe Kingdom emerged these were Nobatia, Muqurra and Alwa.These kingdoms used Greek titles to rule the Meroetic population in imitation of the Byzantine Court. Missionaries started to preach in Nobatia in 540 AD and the Nubian kings were converted to Monophysite Christianity that was being near in Egypt, many bishops and religious leaders were consecrated in Egypt. The Mediterranean civilization was rekindled by the coming of Chr istianity.The use of Greek in liturgy led to development of the Nubian language that combined both the Coptic and old meroitic scripts. The Nubian kingdoms survived many centuries but with the arrival of Arabs in 640 and subsequent conquering of Egypt posed a little terror to these Christian kingdoms. Historians believe that the Muqurra and Nobatia kingdoms were forced to merge by the Arabs to form the Dunqula kingdom around 700 this resulted to isolation of the Nubian church since Egypt became dominated by the Muslims.The introduction and spread of Islam after Muhammads death lead to division between the south and north Sudan society. Islam encouraged economic growth, political stability and education development to its followers. Islam was spread to the atomic number 99 and north by the Arab armies who also attacked the Nubian territory in 642 and 652 thereby demolishing its cathedral.Though with continued arabization of the Nile valley, there were tension between the Arabs and Nubian territory and the resulted to a peace treaty which encouraged trade between the two opposite sides and other regions. This lead to emergence of two Arab speaking groups, the Juhayna and the Jaali. These groups aided in bringing down the Nubian territory.The Nubian territories remained independent up to the 13th century when they were overruled by the Muslims due expansion of Islam to the continuous intermarriages between them and Arabs which resulted to the dark age of Christianity as slavery intensified. This forced the Nubian communities to seek Arab protectors for care of their security. The Islam was not part of the old Nubian territory until15th to 16th centuryREFERENCEKush, Meroe and Nubia, retrieved on 13th, October, 2007, available at www.shsu.edu/his_ncp/Sudan.html

How to Protect the Environment Essay

Character is a pattern of behavior, thoughts and feelings based on universal principles, moral strength, and integrity plus the guts to resilient by those principles every day. Character is evidenced by your lifes virtues and the line you never cross. Character is the most valuable thing you render, and nobody tidy sum ever take it away.Why Character is ImportantCharacter in life is what makes people believe in you and is essential both for individual victor and for our society to function successfully. Each individual must do his or her part every day by living a life of integrity. rectitude is adhering to a moral code of honesty, courage, strength and truthfulness being true to your word. When you dont exhibit integrity, other people get tolerate. But you hurt yourself even more. When you cheat, your success is false. When you break a promise, you are showing that your word is meaningless. When you lie, you deceive others and lose their respect. All of those examples destro y your reputation and break the trust others have in you. Without your good reputation and trustworthiness, your relationships fail.Relationships and SuccessRelationships are the foundation for success in life. For example, when you destroy the relationships with your friends, you will have no friends. You will be set-apart and alone. If a student promises not to cheat, but does, he is taking unfair advantage to put himself ahead of others without deserving it. He can ruin his reputation, his schoolman record and his job prospects forever. When a businessman makes a promise to customers and doesnt deliver, he destroys his relationships with his customers.His customers go elsewhere and his business fails. By breaking your relationships, you break the foundation for success in your life. What is true success? For example, who is more successful? Someone who is famous and makes a great deal of money, or someone who has no fame, makes dinky money, but is a great parent? Today, in sc hool, is too much emphasis being placed on good grades and high test score so much so that are these things, rather than good character, how we define success?ConclusionYour good character is the most important asset you have. It takes a lifetime to build but can be lost in an instant. Once lost, it is difficult to regain. Your true character is revealed when no one else is looking. Often, people make up to act based on short term gain, or an easy fix to a problem and end up doing the wrong thing. The old sawing machine you are what you do is true. Failure to consider the long term consequences of your acts can be disastrous. By study and focusing on the importance of character, you will be guided by principles, moral strength, and integrity to do the right thing. Nothing is more important for true success in your life.

Business Lobbying Essay

The topic It is always better to hold in clarity on the topic as it allows a clear flow of ideas. Lobbying, in fact, are the attempts made by certain corporate groups to influence the direction of legislative indemnity of a country/ recount in such a manner so as to bring benefits to them and safeguard their interests. The objective can be achieved by influencing legislators, members of Parliament and create a lobby to bring forth and get the favourable legislations passed. A lobbyist may be an individual or a group of individuals working for their employer or as an agent to them. Such people can be leaders of labour unions, corporate representatives, legislators, bureaucrats, and leading advocates, exercising influence in legislative circles or different cloistered interest groups.India does not deport any clear regulation for or against lobbying, especially when it comes by the name of lobbying. But it is not legal either. Lobbying has today become a well-established service industry, although known by different names such as public relations, external affairs managers, environment management experts, etcetera Various established associations, federations, confederations of industry & commerce, etc function as lobbyists to get policies framed in favour of corporates.Dilip Cherian, a known lobbyist and founder of Perfect Relations, states that lobbying functions as a bridge between companies and the establishment. He directs in no ambiguous tone, We help our clients understand the policy environment of the country. We help them identify key players and their positions in the policy area. The key players could be political parties, bureaucrats, the central disposal, panchayat, etc.The lobbying industry has been placing its demand for clear and transparent laws in countries like India where no clarity on the appear is available. So, it is high time that India should decide on devising lobbying either legal or prohibited by framing a detailed and cl ear policy.When you speak in favour of the topic i.e. lobbying should be made legal in India, the key points may be1. Whenever there have been some big leaps in policy framing in India favouring corporates in one or the some other, the issue of lobbying has always come up. Whether it was Enron the Dabhol power project in Maharshtra, foreign investment in corporate sector, big defence purchases, infrastructure development and now foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi brand retail, all have been shadowed by the issue of lobbying. The person or the company lobbying for certain favour cannot do so till the regimen, legislative bodies Parliament or state legislatures have not considered some path to move on. Lobbying would only smoothen the process.2. Various chambers of commerce such as FICCI and CII, National Association of Software and Services Companies, and private firms like Vaishnavi Corporate Communications owned by Niira Radia and DTA Associates managed by Deepak Talwar are among top lobby groups. These organizations, however, maintain that they are not lobby groups and work to operate influence to shut up with the government on the policy issues. When so much of lobbying is done by the registered and legal firms and companies in the guise of some or other name and it is a well known fact, making lobbying legal will add to the governments income by levying good amount of fee and charges on the same. Where does the amount, being paid now on lobbying, go is anybodys guess. A transparent legislation will definitely solve this ambiguity and loss of income.3. The US and some European countries have made lobbying legal with specific conditions like quarterly disclosures on amount dog-tired and the manner in which the same has been spent or so. This provides vital information and transparency to lobbying practices. The furor raised in Parliament over the issue of lobbying by Walmart in the USA could come up due to its disclosures. Corporate giants suc h as WalMart, Pfizer, Dell, HP, Qualcomm, Alcatel-Lucent, Morgan Stanley and Prudential Financial have been eyeing the Indian market for a long time and have spent millions of dollars to have their business interest move at a faster pace in the growing Indian economy.With the potential growth, more and more companies will engage lobbyists who can directly interact with politicians and bureaucrats and push their agenda. Lobbying, whether legal or illegal, will continue to remain integral to Indian businesses and politics. Doing away with it or making it illegal is not an option. It will be better to make business lobbying legal, of course with certain specific clauses to ensure transparency.4. Making lobbying legal will bring in front open debates and discussions on all the forums. It will be possible to understand which option is better. Lobbyists and representatives of their companies will openly participate in such debates with the pros and cons on the exploit and product.5. At present, only the section 7 of the Prevention of Corruption Act may be invoked to call lobbying illegal. This section is not very sound. Think of the cash spent on lobbying in a single year. If lobbying is made legal, at least a part of it will find its way to the government coffer. At present, it forms a part of unaccounted money going into the pockets of politicians, bureaucrats and other influential lot, the cost of which will eventually be recovered from the common people in the country.6. obscure from saving millions of dollars, the country may see rampant corruption in the name of lobbying fading away.7. Since India is in the process of establishing a larger institutional framework, the government needs creative inputs from conglomerate experts. As long as lobbying does not lead to policy or regulatory capture, it should be allowed.8. The Indian government itself has a lobby firm presenting its case with American lawmakers, while a number of Indian companies and entities al so indulge in lobbying activities in the US through with(predicate) their respective lobbyists. At various platforms like in the UN, World economic summits, in sports, in organizing Olympics, Commonwealth Games, etc, countries lobby their stake. Lobbying, in fact, brings more competitiveness and value in quality as things are to be explained and highlighted in comparison to any other stake holder. India would gain a lot by making lobbying legal.When you speak against the topic, the key points may be1. The common man of India, who is otherwise reeling under the pressure of corruption and unemployment, will be left penniless erst lobbying is made legal. All the majors will lobby for their interests in the economy, will facilitate the entry riding the common man who hardly earns his bread and butter. Those who have more power and pelf will become greater lobbyist and will ensure that their interests are not compromised.2. National interests will be cornered as lobbyists will have on e-line motto of watching their own interest and will not at all be concerned about the countrys interest as they will not be from this country.3. Lobbyists will make corruption legal. Politicians and influential people will still garner their share from lobbyists at the cost of the nation.4. Legislators, who are law makers, if influenced by lobbyists, may get inclined towards serving them, becoming oblivious of the national interests.5. Lobbying in defence production and purchases capability put national security at stake.6. India is a vast country and has a lot of complexities and problems. The lobbying company has no perception of the diversity and the nature of problems. The government might simply gamble on the tactics of the lobbyist and that might become harmful in future.7. There is no mechanism in India to bring function to lobbying, and publicly reveal the lobbying positions of companies and the money spent. Self-regulation in lieu of a formal legislation is often propose d by industry players. In India, nobody knows the lobbying position of companies, abdicate alone looking for consistencies in lobbying positions and their impact on issues on sustainable development. Making it legal will add to the woes of Indian businesses.The efforts made so furthest in India-The Planning Commission has set up an expert group to look into the processes that comprise lobbying. Arun Maira, member of Planning Commission, stated We will be considering various interests of all the stakeholders involved. This expert group comprises industries and government secretaries. There is an on-going dialogue with the industry associations for their views. We want lobbying to be transparent and representative. We are looking at the best benchmarks for processes of lobbying in other countries. However, this is a very large issue and the final solution is far down the road.However, given the political exigencies of framing policies and complex nature of polity, this trade union m ovement will require the consummate skills of great statesmen.

Themes in Yeats’ Poetry

Themes in Yeatspoetry You usher verboten find umteen themes in Yeats poetry. Pick what suits your own study from the themes, comments and quotes listed below. There are 86 quotes used to illustrate themes on this page (although or so of them are from poems outside the current OCR selection for AS Level). You will need sole(prenominal) a short selection of these. 1. The theme of expiration or old age and what it leaves behind. final stage of Patriotism, dep artistryure egotismishness as the norm Romantic Irelands dead and g angiotensin converting enzyme, Its with OLeary in the grave September 1913 Death as useless present, Home Rule might be granted Was it needless death after(prenominal)wards alone?For England may keep faith For all that is done and said Easter 1916 A man in old age alienated vibrant youthfulness The young in one anothers arms, birds in the trees Those dying generations at their song Sailing to Byzantium Death of innocence The ceremony of innocence is drowned Second plan of attack The self in old age, forsaken by beauty when I awake some day to find they be in possession of flown aside Wild Swans Death chosen out of a sense of despair A waste of breath the years behind, in balance with this life, this death Airman Death and destruction during civil war A man is killed, or a house burned the empty house Stares Nest Demise of the Aristocracy and despair at the vanity of human grandeur We the great gazebo built Memory Old age and the remnants of a limit life Picture and book remain Acre In old age, contempt for the present, defiant admiration for etymologizing pluck your instinct on other days That we in coming days may be unperturbed the indomitable Irishry Under Ben Bulben Facing death with contempt for overstated ceremony No marble, no naturalized phrase Under Ben Bulben Death provides a sanctuary from conflict and hatred Savage indignation there Cannot burst his breast Swifts Epitaph 2. The theme of disintegration, c haos, sudden change They have gone about the world care wind September 1913 scatter wheeling in great broken rings Upon their clamorous wings Wild Swans I have looked upon those brilliant creatures, And now my nerve centre is sore. solelys changed Wild Swans this tumult in the veils Airman All changed, changed suddenly A horrifying beauty is natural Easter 1916 Enchanted to a stone To trouble the living burgeon forth Easter 1916 Things fall apart the centre cannot hold Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world Second Coming Consume my heart off sick with desire And fastened to a dying animal It knows not what it is Sailing to Byzantium A man is killed, or a house burned, Yet no clear fact to be discerned Stares Nest 3.Yeats poetry explored constitution under four headings Transience in natures beauty A shadow of cloud on the stream Changes minute by minute Easter 1916 By what lakes edge or share Delight mens eyes when I awake some day To find they have flown away? Wild Swans The salmon-falls, the mackerel-crowded seas, Fish, flesh, or fowl, commend all summer long Whatever is begotten, born, and dies Sailing to Byzantium scarce a rave autumn shears Blossom from the summers wreath Memories Paradoxically, Yeats saw nature as interminable in par to humans Their hearts have not grown old Passion or conquest, wander where they will, Attend upon them still. Wild Swans The radiance of natures beauty I hear lake water lap with low sounds by the shore Inisfree The trees are in their autumn beauty, The woodland paths are dry, Under the October pin the water Mirrors a still sky Wild Swans The long-legged moor-hens dive, And hens to moor-cocks call Easter An acre of green grass For air and wield Acre The unattractive side of nature The bees build in the crevices Of loosening masonry, and there The mother birds bring grubs and fly Stare while all about it Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds Second Coming 4. Yeats explored the theme of immortality in assorted spheres.You can contrast the following quotes and issues with the many quotes and references to mortality highlighted in the quotes for themes one, two and three above. Politicsin a paradoxical way the Rising has changed politics and this force for change has become an immortal and steadfast bailiwick symbol Now and in time to be, Wherever green is worn, Are changed, changed utterly A terrible beauty is born Easter 1916 Natural beautythe swans as a species are ageless in comparison to Yeats Their hearts have not grown old Passion or conquest, wander where they will, Attend upon them still. Wild Swans The cycles of account perpetually repeating millennial patterns And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born? Second Coming The psyche and art transcend time Once out of nature I shall never take My visible form from any natural thing, But such a form as Grecian goldsmiths reconcile to sing Of what is past, or passing, or to come Sailing to Byzantium 5. The quest for truth is fundamental, whether experienced through the emotional self, reason, inclination or at the expense of sanity. Intuitive truth I hear it in the deep hearts core Inisfree The pursuit of national ideals at the cost of public ridicule Some muliebritys yellow hair Has madden every mothers son They weighed so light what they gave September 1913 Pursuit of beauty and truth by a questioning spirit Among what rushes will they build, By what lakes edge or pool Delight mens eyes when I awake some day To find they have flown away? Wild Swans the true believed in by political fanatics Hearts with one purpose alone Through summer and winter seem Enchanted to a stone Easter 1916 Truth that is fanatical and yet unemotional Too long a sacrifice Can make a stone of the heart Easter 1916 Truth that is emotional, imaginative and philosophical A lonely impulse of delight litter to this tumult in the clouds I balanced all, brought all to intellectual Irish Airman Truth that is prophetic and yet ground on historical cycles Surely some revelation is at hand Surely the Second Coming is at hand Second Coming Cold, rational analysis of falsehood leading to the truth We had fed the heart on fantasies, The hearts grown brutal from the fare More Substance in our enmities Than in our mania Stare Truth attained through educating the imagination with art Nor is there singing school but analyze Monuments of its own magnificence Sailing to Byzantium Truth that is philosophical, the wisdom of old age Dear shadows, now you know it all, All the folly of a fight With a common wrong or right. The innocent and the ravishing. Have no enemy but time Memories Truth that eludes reason and imagination Neither loose imagination, Nor the mill of the mind Consuming its rag and bone, Can make the truth known Acre Contrast between a fanatical confession and political truths And maybe what they say is true Of war and wars alarms, But O that I were youn g again And held her in my arms Politics Truth that is sentimental, defiant, emotional Cast your mind on other days That we in coming days may be assuage the indomitable Irishry Ben Bulben 6. Yeats had mingled visions of the model Irish society.Primitive, Celtic, peasant and rural I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree, And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made Inisfree Romantic, patriotic and heroic Yet they were of a different kind, The names that stilled your childish play, They have gone about the world like wind September 1913 Pastoral and aesthetical But now they drift on the still water, Mysterious, beautiful Wild Swans Comely and simple My county is Kiltartan Cross, My countrymen Kiltartans paltry Irish Airman Aristocratic, classical and youthful and speak of that old Georgian mansion, recall That table and the talk of youth, Two girls in silk kimonos, both Beautiful, one a gazelle Memories Heroic, feudal and ancestral Sing the peasantry, and then H ard-riding country gentlemen, The holiness of monks, and after Porter-drinkers randy laughter Sing the lords and ladies gay That were beaten into the clay Through seven heroic centuries Cast your mind on other days That we in coming days may be Still the indomitable Irishry Under Ben Bulbens Head 7.Yeats explored conflicting dualities, often counterbalancing the ideal and the real The beauty of nature versus the sombre sameness of city existence I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore man I wheel on the roadway, or on the pavements grey Inisfree The meanness of municipal policy versus the liberality of patriots For men were born to beseech and save Romantic Irelands dead and gone September 1913 Mortality of the self versus immortality of the swan species And now my heart is sore Their hearts have not grown old Wild Swans study Robert Gregorys ambiguous approach to fighting for his country this involves inversion of emotion Those that I fight I do not hate, Those that I guard I do not make out Irish Airman The immortality of political heroes versus the hollowness of politics Yet they were of a different kind, The names that stilled your childish play September 1913 Yet I image him in the song He, too, has resigned his part In the casual comedy Easter 1916 The inversion of the relationship between dedication and morality The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate volume Second Coming Soul versus Body and Nature versus Art O sages be the singing-masters of my soul.Consume my heart away Once out of nature I shall never take My bodily form from any natural thing Sailing to Byzantium shaft versus hatred, moral inversion More meaning in our enmities Than in our love Stare Time versus beauty But a raving autumn shears Blossom from the summers wreath The innocent and the beautiful Have no enemy but time Memories Love versus politics as a shaping machine of human destiny How can I, that girl standing there, My atten tion fix On Roman or on Russian Or on Spanish politics Politics The contemporary versus the historical, the plebs versus the aristocracy, the masses versus ancestors Base-born products of base beds Still the indomitable Irishry Under Ben Bulben Two contradictory positions on the duality of life and death, one neutral, the other favouring death as a refuge from the stresses of life Cast a cold eye On life, on death Under Ben Bulben SWIFT has sailed into his rest Savage indignation there Cannot lacerate his breast Swifts Epitaph 8. Yeats made various protests against reality during his life Alienation from city life in London While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey Inishfree Despondency at short sighted and self-serving civic attitudes regarding the 1913 lockout and hypocritical religious devotion You have dried the marrow from the bone?For men were born to pray and save Romantic Irelands dead and gone, Its with OLeary in the grave September 1913 Hurt at disrespect f or the memory of political martyrs Youd cry, Some womans yellow hair Has maddened every mothers son They weighed so lightly what they gave September 1913 Disillusionment at war Those that I fight I do not hate, Those that I guard I do not love Airman Disgust at insincere nationalism, patriotic bluster Being certain that they and I But lived where particoloured is worn The casual comedy Easter 1916 Criticism of political fanaticism Too long a sacrifice Can make a stone of the heart. Easter 1916 Disillusion at war, lack of civic responsibility and an apocalyptical spiral Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The lood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity Second Coming Disenchantment at materialism, hedonism and neglect of art Caught in that sensual music all neglect Monuments of unageing intellect Sailing to Byzantium Anger at the inhumanity of political ideologies W e had fed the heart on fantasies, The hearts grown brutal from the fare More substance in our enmities Than in our love Stare Rage at the pettiness of national politics for men were born to pray and save September 1913 Conspiring among the ignorant Memories Fierce resistance in old age to the demise of the mind Grant me an old mans frenzy, Myself must I remake Acre Mockery of world personal matters How can I, that girl standing there, My attention fix On Roman or on Russian Or on Spanish politics? Politics Yeats Fascistic or class hatred against the Irish on the job(p) class Scorn the sort now growing up All out of shape from toe to top, Their unremembering hearts and heads Base-born products of base beds Ben Bulben Dislike of pompous burials No marble, no conventional phrase Ben Bulben Contempt for materialistic and unthinking people Imitate him if you dare, World-besotted traveller Swift

Lemon Law Essay

Your gondola car is roughly important asset, that is expected to lasts years on the road, giving you a great feeling of independent, to go eery sort and anyways you want with give away being held back by any intimacy, but its not expected that your car pass on break down the day after it is bought. Yet, on that point is a faulty car out on that point that scarce does not work as it should. It is seems perfect at first, you make it out of the showroom and onto the highway, and then you arise yourself on the side of the road, smoke coming from under the hood and you be wondering to yourself, What happened? The car is new-sprung(prenominal), this shouldnt happen, well that is the maize for you.The only car in history that acts the same way as a paper boat in a lake it sails for a while then begins to sink. Fortunately, there is a justice that has been set into moment to protects you, the valued consumer from these imperfect fomites. Under this law you are authorise to a number reimbursement just because of this one car. This law has been around for a while but, have you perpetually heard of the Lemon Law? If you ask anyone on the street- Exactly what is the Lemon Law? they might allege the lemon law protects them if they purchase a faulty carwhich is right, in the simplest form.Many people would find is rather difficult to say or not if this law does exist or if this law has been utilize by many early(a)s. Well Lemon Law does indeed exist and its used bonny commonly to protect the consumer who have found and bought a defective motorized vehicle, electronics, boats and other products that are defective by nature. Vehicle Lemon Law varies from give tongue to to state, but in essence it covers you if you should find yourself tied to a defective car, SUV, truck or other motor vehicles. The definition of a lemon vehicle is any vehicle that continuously fails to meets those standards of its intended function.But, to our surprise this law does n ot just cover cars. listening aids, other assistive devices, MP3 players and other electronics, and pets are covered by lemon laws, as long as the item goes against it true purpose. There is a federal warranty law (the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act) that protects all U. S. citizens. whatever state lemon laws may not cover used cars and trucks or leased vehicles, only new cars. State laws, such as the calcium lemon laws, cover anything mechanical on the vehicle, and the federal law covers the same thing.If you bought a lemon vehicle, you could be entitled to your money back or a relief vehicle. You may flat win a cash settlement depending on your situation and if the faulty vehicle caused you any harm. Besides the homes we rent or buy, our cars are some of the most significant investments that we will ever make in life. Its not always easy to get the resources needed to buy a new (or new to us) vehicle. For this reason, buying a car just to have it break down on you can be frustrati ng and very disappointing. If your vehicle isnt living up to what is listed in the warranty, chances are that you purchased a lemon.If you suspect that you may have purchased a lemon, the first thing to do is check out what the lemon law is in your state. Lemon laws vary from state to state. Your law should lay out just what the criteria are for a car or other product to be classified as a lemon. After researching your states law, if you find that your car can be considered a lemon, the next thing to do is notify the seller or dealership. In most cases, the law requires that the car be obdurate up to warranty standards after it has been deemed the responsibility of the shaper.Many sellers will shirk responsibility. In this case, it may be necessary to take the lemon law issue to a court of law. If that happens, its a level-headed idea to hire a lemon law attorney to help you win your case. Keep in mind that your vehicle or other product must still be covered by the warranty. Once the warranty has expired, winning the complaint about your lemon is next to impossible. Even if your claim is valid, the manufacturer may do everything in their power to disprove your claim. Clear and consistent documentation of related vehicle issues is a mustIn some states, youre at more of a disadvantage with lemon law arbitration than with other states. Certain states back you up pretty well with their lemon law. California is a good example of that. Other states, such as Georgia, may not be the outgo states for filing a lemon law lawsuit. Buying a car, or any product for that matter, should be an exciting time, not one of disappointment and frustration If you feel like you may have purchased a lemon, check the laws in your state. From there, you may want to look into hiring a lemon law lawyer.Regardless of what state you reside in, many people have purchased lemons in the past, and many people have been very enraged about it, which is why the lemon law was created. Each stat es specifics are different though. In some states youll find that this law only covers cars, and in others you will find that it covers cars and motorcycles, while in other states youll find that it covers all types of vehicles, including recreational vehicles (RVs, or motor homes), all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), used autos, boats, appliances, computers, wheelchairs, hearing aids, live animals/pets, and now even regular housesWhichever state you reside in, youll find that some kind of lemon law coverage is easy for you to take advantage of. If you do buy a vehicle that you consider a lemon, you do not have to suffer in silence. You have legal recourse, and there are people who are willing to help you get the justice that you deserve. Lemon Law- the cause maybe sour, but the rewards are sweet.

Critical Commentary Maori to Pakeha Essay

The words techniques of regulate, rhetorical question, repetition, analogy and Maori language argon all employ to clearly garnish the informants feeling of anger and support the dominant themes passim the poesy. Stanza one explores the estimation of separation between Maori and Pakeha through with(predicate) a tone that that is accusatory and suggests anger.The showtime few lines using a repetition of referring to Pakeha as You instantly creates an head of sequestration which is then understood as negative through the use of describing Pakeha as Beak-nosed hairy-limbed narrow-footed. All iii of these adjectives have negative connotations instantly put the tone for the poem. As the stanza progresses this negative attitude towards the Pakeha is reinforced, supporting the negative tone. Meanwhile trampling Persia/Or is it India, underfoot/With such care less feet is an example of this, touching upon colonization, the sentence before this which reads You singing/Some gaga English folksong break outs further sum to the colonization and therefore, oppressiveness. It is not just the land they are colonizing still their culture too, as singing is something which is heard and gets into the mind of the people, overriding all thoughts. Stanzas two and three introduce the device of rhetorical question which are used for effect to add to the accusatory tone of the poem.An example of this is Where do you think you are going? used as the opening sentence of stanza two, which is the first rhetorical question used in the poem, and Who do you think you are? used as the terminal line of stanza three. Supporting the critical tone of the poems, the rhetorical questions are used to illustrate to the reader the authors feeling of contempt towards the Pakeha. The use of think in both of these rhetorical questions is important as it is this word which gives the words surrounding it, and therefore the sentence, its accusatory tone. It turns a relatively evenly tone d Where are you going? and Who are you into a harsh sounding accusation, therefore adding to the negative tone.Stanza two further demonstrates the mind of separatism through the use of the rhetoric technique, repetition. More specifically the repetition is regarding the colour of skin. For example This is embrown country, man/Brown on the inside/As well as the outside/Brown through and through/Even the music is brown The effect that this has is that it emphasizes the authors feelings towards the separatism, it shows that the author is for the separatism where she believes the Pakeha should straggle them alone and have no right to be there.The repetition of colour and brown also illustrate that being Maori is more than just a skin colour, they are Brown through and through meaning that their culture is all encompassing and the Pakeha arent just trying to collonise their land, Cant you see youve strayed/Into some other colour zone? but also in a manner of speaking collonise their culture as well, which links into the idea of oppression. Analogy is also used throughout the poem to support/illustrate the poems dominant theme of separatism.It is first shown in stanza one, Milton directing your head/Donne pumping your heart This is an analogy for the idea of oppression by Pakeha to Maori as both Milton and Donne were important poets and political figures in 17th century England. The idea that this portrays is that the Pakeha are all ruled by a unified thought that someone else has dogged for them, following their ideas and instructions in a cult-like manner. As the poem progresses, the author starts to incorporate Maori language impairment into the poem in order to illustrate resistance to the oppression.For example, in the last stanza of the poem Maori words are used as follows Give your mihi tonight/Korero mai/Till dawn breaks with a waiata. The following four lines give meaning to the use of Maori words Meanwhile holding me gently/Firmly captive/Here, in the faithful curve/of your alien arm showing that even though the Pakeha are metaphorically holding the Maori hard captivein the tight curve of your alien arm which is representing oppression, the speaker is still doing all she squeeze out to resist, shown through the use of Maori language even though the poem is directed at English speakers.This idea of resistance is the idea which the author ends the poem on, leaving the reader with the sense of the author fighting oppression and fighting for her Maori heritage. Tone, rhetorical question, repetition, analogy and Maori language are several language techniques that are effectively used throughout the poem Maori to Pakeha by J. C Sturm in order to support and illustrate the dominant themes of separatism and oppression.

Criminology and Terrorism

J. Paul BatraProfessor Barnes Research Paper Final due 4/19/10 April 1, 2010 terrorist act Introduction Terrorism is defined loosely establish on the Latin word Terre, which means to frighten. To be considered an act of terrorism, which is a political shame, an act must carry with it the disembodied spirit to disrupt and the change the government and should non be merely a common-law crime move for greed or egotism. The discipline of economics has m any(prenominal) concepts that are relevant to an understanding of terrorism deliver and demand costs and benefits, etc.Fully-developed economic or econometric models of terrorism are quite rare, however, and a unassailable deal involve such things as psychic costs and benefits (Nyatepe-Coo 2004). More down-to-earth economic theories can be found in the literature on deterrence. Rational choice conjecture, in particular, has found a onlyt in criminology, and holds that people will engage in crime after weighing the costs and b enefits of their actions to reach at a rational choice about motivation after perceiving that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss.The second theory that can explain the motivation behind terrorism is the congenator neediness hypothesis which is the idea that as a individual goes about choosing their values and interests, they par what they have and dont have, as well as what they want or dont want, with real or imaginary others. The person then usually perceives a discrepancy between what is possible for them and what is possible for others, and reacts to it with anger or an inflame sense of injustice.We should be advised that debates exist deep down criminology regarding relative deprivation and terrorism, on the one hand, with the anomie or strain tradition which finds causal influence in such objectivist factors as Gross domestic Product, and on the other hand, with the left realist tradition which finds causal influence in subjective experiences of deprivation or discomfort Crime Characteristics of Terrorism Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of enter history it can be relatively hard to define.Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy a crime and a holy duty a reassert reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers dogmatic power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost.Due to the secretive spirit and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter. The associateed States Department of Defense defines terrorism as the calculated use of unlawful vehemence or little terror of unlawful violence to inculcate fear in take to the woodsed to coerce or to in timidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. Within this definition, there are three key elementsviolence, fear, and deterrenceand each element produce terror in its victims.The FBI uses this Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. The U. S. Department of State defines terrorism to be premeditate politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. (International Terrorism and Security Research). expert terrorism is defined as actions directed against infrastructure elements critically important for national security or committed with the use of especially hazardous technologies, technical means, and materials. In considering te chnological terrorism scenarios, the primary tint factors of such terrorist acts initiate secondary catastrophic processes with a significantly higher (tens and hundreds of times) level of secondary adjoin factors that affect the targets of the ttack, their personnel, the public, and the environment. (Nikolai A. Makhutov, Vitaly P. Petrov, and Dmitry O. Reznikov, Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Machine Sciences )Although what we dont know about the psychology of terrorism is more(prenominal) than what we do know, there have been several promising attempts to merge or combine psychology with sociology (and cruel justice) into what might be called terrorist profiling (Russell and Miller 1977 Bell 1982 Galvin 1983 Strentz 1988 Hudson 1999).This line of inquiry actually has a massive history, and includes what rare studies exist of female terrorists. The earliest study (Russell and Miller 1977) found that the following people tend to join terrorist organizations 22-25 yea rs of age 80% male, with women in support roles 75-80% single 66% middle or upper class background 66% some college or graduate work 42% old participation in working class advocacy groups 17% unemployed 18% strong religious beliefs IBLIOGRAPHY NOTE Characteristics of Technological Terrorism Scenarios and Impact Factors* http//www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=12490=53 The Economics theory of Rational Choice possibility as a theory of terrorism contends that these criminals usually come to believe their actions will be effective to themselves, their community, or society AND they must come to see that crime pays, or is at least a risk-free way to better their situation.Perhaps the most well-known version of this idea in criminology is human action activities theory (Cohen and Felson 1979), which postulates that three conditions must be present in order for a crime to run (1) suitable targets or victims who put themselves at risk (2) the absence of capable guardians or police battlefront and (3) motivated offenders or a pool of the unemployed and alienated. Other rational choice theories exist which deliberate further into models of decision making. In the few models of collective iolence that have found their way into criminology, the Olson hypothesis (source unknown) suggests that participants in revolutionary violence predicate their behavior on a rational cost-benefit calculus to pursue the vanquish course of action given the social circumstances. Bibligraphy note (THEORIES AND CAUSES OF TERRORISM) http//www. apsu. edu/oconnort/3400/3400lect02. htm) . As far as we know, most terrorists ascertain that they are doing nothing wrong when they kill and injure people.They seem to share a feature of the psychological condition known as antisocial personality disorder or psychopathic personality disorder, which is reflected by an absence of empathy for the suffering of others. However, they do not appear unstable or mentally ill for this. A com mon feature is a type of thinking such as I am good and right. You are bad and wrong. It is a very polarized thinking which allows them to distance themselves from opponents and makes it easier for them to kill people. It is not the same cast of simplistic thinking one would expect from someone with low intelligence or moral development. intimately terrorists are of above average intelligence and have sophisticated ethical and moral development. A closed-minded certainty is a common feature of terrorist thinking. (Merari 1990). Relative Deprivation occurs where individuals or groups subjectively perceive themselves as unfairly disadvantaged over others perceived as having similar attributes and deserving similar rewards (their reference groups). It is in job with absolute deprivation, where biological health is impaired or where relative levels of wealth are compared based on objective differences although it is often confused with the latter.Subjective experiences of deprivati on are essential and, indeed, relative deprivation is more likely when the differences between two groups narrows so that comparisons can be easily do than where there are caste-like differences. The discontentedness arising from relative deprivation has been used to explain radical politics (whether of the left or the right), messianic religions, the rise of social movements, industrial disputes and the whole plethora of crime and deviance.The usual distinction made is that religious fervour or demand for political change are a collective solution to relative deprivation whereas crime is an individualistic response. But this is certainly not true of many crimes for example, smuggling, poach or terrorism which have a collective nature and a communal base and does not even allow for gang delinquency which is clearly a collective response.The connection is, therefore, largely under-theorized a reflection of the separate development of the concept within the seemingly discrete di sciplines of sociology of religion, political sociology and criminology. The use of relative deprivation in criminology is often conflated with Mertons anomie theory of crime and deviance and its development by Cloward and Ohlin, and there are discernible, although largely unexplored, parallels.Anomie theory involves a disparity between culturally induced aspirations (eg achievement in terms of the American Dream) and the opportunities to realise them. The parallel is clear this is a subjective process wherein discontent is transmuted into crime. Furthermore, Merton in his classic 1938 article, Social Structure and Anomie, clearly understands the relative nature of discontent explicitly criticising theories which link absolute deprivation to crime by pointing to poor countries with low crime rates in contrast to the wealthy United States with a comparatively high rate.But there are clear differences, in particular Mertonian anomie involves an inability to realise culturally induced notions of success. It does not involve comparisons between groups but individuals measuring themselves against a general goal. The fact that Merton, the major theorist of reference groups, did not fuse this with his theory of anomie is, as Runciman notes, very strange but probably reflects the particular American concern with winners and losers and the individualism of that culture.The empirical implications of this difference in emphasis are, however, significant anomie theory would naturally predict the considerable majority of crime to occur at the bottom of society amongst the losers but relative deprivation theory does not necessarily have this overwhelming class focus. For discontent can be felt anyplace in the class structure where people perceive their rewards as unfair compared to those with similar attributes. Thus crime would be more widespread although it would be conceded that discontent would be greatest amongst the socially excluded.The future integration of anomi e and relative deprivation theory offers great promise in that relative deprivation offers a much more widespread notion of discontent and its emphasis on subjectivity insures against the tendency within anomie theory of merely measuring objective differences in equality (so called strain theory) whereas anomie theory, on its part, offers a wider structural perspective in terms of the crucial role of differential opportunity structures and firmly locates the high-voltage of deprivation within capitalist society as a whole. To be completed Application final stage Bibliography