Methodologies used for determining the sustainability of residential Essay

Methodologies used for determining the sustainability of residential and commericial properties - Essay Example The criteria are the following: Management – provision of a home user guide concerning the operation and environmental performance of the home, a considerate constructors scheme, a commitment on construction site impacts and a security conscious design. For Civil Engineering design and projects, the United Kingdom industry uses the assessment and awards scheme CEEQUAL. Like the the Code for Sustainable Homes, the CEEQUAL also use a points-scoring assessment but instead of 9 criteria, CEEQUAL is made up of 200 exhaustive questions relating to environmental and social impacts of a project including resource usage, ecological impact, waste management, community relations, landscaping and even archaeology. Projects are graded as Pass (>25%), Good (>40%), Very Good (>60%) and Excellent (75%). A CEEQUAL assessment is undertaken by a CEEQUAL-trained project member whose evaluations are checked by a certified CEEQUAL verifier. As with all point-rating system, the assessment can be affected by biases thereby leading to inaccurate points assigned. For example, the criterion MATERIAL in the Code for Sustainable Homes calls for a range of 0.3 to 1.8 points for sourcing building materials responsibly. While there is a technical guidance manual to help the assessor, the points assigned can still be subjective. There is also the question of whether the items such as composting facilities and rain water collection will actually be used. The Code seems to check only for its presence as having a home-user guide seems to be enough to earn points and not its actual application. Essentially, the assessment methods provides no guarantee on the degree of sustainability that could occur. Department for Communities and Local Government, 2006. Code for Sustainable Homes: A step-change in sustainable home building practice.[pdf] West Yorkshire: Department for Communities and Local Government. Available at www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/code_for_sust_homes.pdf>

Divorce and Its Effects on Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Divorce and Its Effects on Children - Essay Example Moreover, the divorced group report given that extra emotional and active caregiving and experiencing additional unfairness in their families of origin than did the non-divorced group, though the result for emotional caregiving was reasonable by temporal perspective (Carlile, C. 2001, 232-234). Furthermore, proof that difficult form of parentification in children of divorce carry on into late adolescence and young adulthood has insinuation for models of sympathetic and serving these children and their families. A rising number of researchers have turned their concentration to the dynamics of post-divorce families. In one of the initial studies in this region, many experts discovered that parent/child associations in divorced single-parent households are frequently collaterally rather than hierarchically prearranged (Crosbie-Burnett, M., 2000, 286-293). The children suppose a "junior partner" role. Though this role come into view to foster sovereignty and adulthood in the older children, predominantly if their earlier developmental wants had been met, it be inclined to suffering lots of the younger children in the sample. If we analyzed then we come to know that longitudinal observations of dissimilar groups of divorced families, experts afterward shed additional light on the developmental risks of the postdivorce family infrastructure. According to expert analysis that as a result of disrupted and reducing parenting occasioned by marital ending, lots of children are "overburdened" for years by such farm duties as attending to the psychological desires of the parents or the family as a whole. The chronological constancy of parentification linked with matrimonial conflict and stop working has also not been examined. Moreover, in light of clinical surveillance that the parentification procedure in divorced families make bigger well into adolescence, it is credible that unhelpful parentification, chiefly of an emotional genre, continues to typify the family relations of older children of divorce (Davies, P. T., 2002, 124-139). No doubt, questions regarding the ethicality and importance of parentification in divorced families were scrutinize in this study as part of a better exploration of this process in couple associations. Particularly, perceptions of the degree and fairness of past and nearby caregiving of late adolescent and young adult children of divorce were compared to those of a nondivorced group. In addition to the effect of divorce, sex dissimilarity were discovered. further potentially confounding variables were statistically controlled. The frequencies of dissimilar forms of unhelpful parentification in the divorced and non-divorced groups were also contrast. Method Participants To obtain results one-hundred-and-ninety-one psychology undergraduates at great public urban universities were recruited to contribute in a study on couple and family dealings. All participants were necessary to be in an association of at least 6-months duration. Their partners, 26.44% of whom did not be present at college, were also employing bringing the total N to 382.Moreover, to evaluate questions pertaining to the association of parentification to parental divorce, participants whose parents moreover divorced earlier than middle adolescence (14 years of age) or never divorced were chosen from

The use of vaginal examinations in assessing progress during the first Essay

The use of vaginal examinations in assessing progress during the first stage of labour - Essay Example During the first stage of labour, which begins with the onset of regular uterine contraction, it plays instrumental role in assessing the progress made in labour. It provides information about the cervical effacement and dilatation, descent , position and attitude of the fetus. But it may also give rise to certain problems like infections, premature stimulation of cervix, premature rupture of membranes and women find them uncomfortable. The approach used by midwives to vaginal exam further adds to the problems. While undertaking these exams, they become inconsiderate towards the feelings of the women and in their attempt to deliver a healthy baby ignore their professional ethics , which requires them to provide a supportive, encouraging atmosphere for birth, respectful of the woman’s wishes. Although midwives acquire enough skill through practice and experience to use external signs to gain knowledge about the progress, still they consider it the most accurate method. This study revolves around vaginal examination at the onset of labour. It attempts to find the reason behind the frequent use of these interventions to assess the progress during first stage, despite its problematic nature. This report explores the necessity and effectiveness of the vaginal exams in assessing the progress. It brings to notice the problems faced by the women from vaginal examination and from the methodology used by the midwives in conducting them. It considers the alternative techniques that can be used instead of vaginal examination. This study takes into consideration the results of various researches done on vaginal examination during the labour. Vaginal examination is a complete

The Unredeemed Captive Essay Example for Free

The Unredeemed Captive Essay Some are born literary genius, some achieve literary genius, and some have literary success thrust upon them. As for John Demos in his book, ‘The Unredeemed Captive’ seems to be the blend of the last two categories. Through this book,   Demos takes you to the 18th Century, to explain the tension-ridden and violence-prone confrontation   between three communities (segments of a society).They are the puritan settlers of New England, the Roman-Catholic French of New France (currently parts of Canada) and the Native Americans.   It was a peculiar type of confrontation fought for several types’ self-interests. The conflicts, where religion, culture, race and territorial interests are involved. The story takes savage turns and the reading seriously affects the emotions of the readers! The contents of writing are a mixture of fact and fiction. The book has great historical significance. The mentioned communities then did not believe in peaceful negotiations to settle the ‘border disputes.’ They fought for territorial gains and the borders continued to shift and relocate. The mini-Hitlers were out to establish their moral and racial superiority. The animal tendencies in them surfaced forth and they did not hesitate to capture (kidnap) young girls belonging to the enemy camp, as war trophies, eventually for their sexual gratification.   John Demos is a Yale History Professor. His primary intentions and efforts in this book are to provide an objective analysis of the encounters between the mentioned ‘groups’. He has drawn upon the experiences of one family to achieve the objective in view. It is the John Williams family. Williams is a puritan minister. The family was captured in 1704 in their Massachusetts home by a group of Frenchmen and Native Americans. They were marched off to Canada. Of the seven members of the family his wife died en-route, Williams and four children were released later, his daughter Eunice became a convert (forced conversion?) to Catholicism to marry a Native American. Desperate attempts were made by the family for the return of Eunice to Massachusetts, but she came for short visits only to return back, till her death at the age of 95.   The stunning and heart-rending part of the story is that of Eunice. Remember, she was only 7 when she was captured—what values did her captors defend by torturing the mind of an innocent girl child? Religious principles? Cultural traditions? Racial superiority? Human values? Such persons deserve to be the offspring of the Satan. She was converted to Catholicism and married off at the age of 16, for which the perpetrators of such a crime can face severe punishment in the present times. Probably that was the age when male/female married as per the social customs prevailing then. Well, she spent the rest of her life, but what might be the thought-currents circling and torturing her mind within? Her 88 years of silent suffering is difficult for the printed pages to capture, the most sensitive and imaginative writer will not be able to probe the inner layers of her mind. If someone is able to do proper research on this mind, it can as well reveal the history of the century to which she belonged in the correct perspective.   Her life is a great example of the bitter fruits of cross-cultural bloody encounters. It is the saga of the perpetrators of the torture and those who were tortured. That God and destiny were often quoted to justify the cruel happenings shows the macabre and sadistic mind-set of the groups involved in those conflicts. It was an open exhibition of animal tendencies, by the two-legged devils   The Unredeemed Captive is a systematically researched history by John Demos. To sieve through the 300 year old data (the later 1600s) and make out a factual, historically relevant story is a skilled job. Demos has done justice to his job as the Professor of History. He knows the essentials of the history, the requirements of a research student of history. The research pages do make a slow reading, and that is no fault of the author. The narratives sections are quite fascinating. Basically, this book is written by a history man for the history people   In the present times also, people live dangerously in the border areas of a country, especially when the neighbors are unfriendly. This is the situation when civilization has made advancement and there are international laws for protection. Guess, what would have been the conditions 300 years ago, when might was right and jungle laws prevailed? John Demos describes well, with authority and proof, the dangers of living on the American frontiers in the early days of settling America, when the borders shifted constantly.   A tough subject has been chosen for the book and the area covered is vast.   One can not expect the book to make a good reading from page 1 to page 336. The first five chapters are very exciting; the flying start is the highlight of the book. The story and the incidents related to the family of John Williams are interesting and touching. The rest of the book is about facts, customs and traditions. One needs to make efforts to sustain the interest as for this portion of the book. But overall, the book is no drag.   Finally, the important points of the book: The clash of cultures of the diverse communities is well depicted. Through the personal tragedy of a family, the political story of an era has been told. The doomed role of the religion is described well. Eunice’s rejection of her own family is a mysterious psychological drama. But Demos shows the balanced approach in writing this part of the story, and does not blame exclusively any party involved in the conflicts.    References Cited: Demos, John, Book: The Unredeemed Captive. Publisher: Vintage; Reprint edition (March 28, 1995) ISBN-10: 0679759611 ISBN-13: 978-0679759614

The Death Of Abraham Lincoln - The Pinkey Or The Bullet :: essays research papers fc

Lincoln   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people â€Å"think† that they know about the Lincoln assassination. There are two theories on the death of Abraham Lincoln. The first theory is that of John Wilkes Booth shooting Lincoln in the cerebrum. The second theory is that a doctor misplaced his pinkie finger when assisting Lincoln to a hospital. Many people believe that the doctor’s finger actually pushed the bullet further into Lincoln’s brain, leading to his death. This research paper will compare and contrast the different theories and viewpoints about how Lincoln was assassinated. (Norton)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abraham Lincoln was born on Sunday, February 12, 1809, in a log cabin in Kentucky. In his early life, he worked jobs including; running a store, surveying, and serving as a postmaster in New Orleans. There, Lincoln lived, worked, and he even wrestled the town bully, earning him the nickname, â€Å"Honest Abe†. Later on in life, Lincoln got married to a woman named Mary Todd. They had four children; Robert (1843 - 1926), Edward (1846 - 1850), William (1850 - 1862), and Thomas (1853 - 1871). Later on, Lincoln became an attorney, decided to settle down and buy a house in Springfield. (Norton) In 1846 Lincoln ran for the United States House of Representatives and won. He was well known throughout the political world for his opposition to the Mexican War and his will to put an end to slavery. In 1860, Lincoln won on the third ballot and was elected the 16th President of the United States on November 6, winning over Stephen A. Douglas. (Norton)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On April 14, 1865, the Lincoln family attended a play entitled â€Å"Our American Cousin†, at Ford’s Theater. At about 10:15 P.M. Lincoln was shot in the brain by John Wilkes Booth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Booth was the ninth out of ten children. He was born in Bel Air, Maryland in 1838. Booth was an actor and chose not to fight in the Civil War, his sympathies lay with the South and against President Lincoln. As the Confederacy began to lose, Booth’s hatred of Lincoln became stronger and stronger. He eventually began to plot against the President. Booth fired a single shot - .44 - caliber Derringer into Lincoln’s head, behind the left ear (according to the book, â€Å"True Crime: Assassination†), by the editors of Time - Life Books. After the shooting, Booth leaped for the stage. One of his spurs got caught in a flag, and he broke his leg after landing on the stage. (Lattimer)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He staggered to his feet and shouted: â€Å"Sic semper tyrannis!† - meaning, â€Å"Thus always to tyrants!† On April 26, he was caught by Union soldiers on a farm near Bowling

Plato, Love and Philosophy Essay

Love, in its narrowest and widest meaning and discussion became the most central element of one of the most discussed and merited dialogue of Plato, the Symposium. In the said dialogue, the characters including Phaedrus, Aristhopanes, Agathon, Eryximachus, Alicibiades and Aristodemus together with Socrates had expressed their judgment, analysis and opinions on the nature of love. As the usual trend on all Plato’s dialogue, the earlier speakers had expressed their own speech about the subject (i. e. Love or the nature of love). Later on, they shall be examined by Socrates himself using his own method (i. e. Socratic Dialectic) which will later debunk or prove the inconsistency of their arguments. This classic flow of the dialogue is seen in the Symposium as the last speech delivered by Socrates had proved that the earlier speeches of the said guests were proved inconclusive, untrue or ill-founded. If we can name one single thing that the Symposium had taught us, it is our redefinition and reconsideration on how we understand love and its nature. As said, earlier, Plato, through Socrates had managed to widen our conception of love from a simple romantic affair to one of the most celebrated activity of humanity. In short, the Symposium had provided us a better and more definite understanding of love and its nature. In this paper, we are going to state the significance of these ideas provided by Plato through Socrates and shall later relate its importance to other fields of knowledge that are significant in the Greek community. Prior to the reading and understanding Symposium, there is a great chance that a common man will see love as a mere affair between a man and a woman. Love can be regarded as the mere bond between lovers or couples. However, with the help of the speech of the said speakers such as Agathon, Aristopahnes, Alicibiades etc. , our perspective on how we see love had widen. It almost seems with our two eyes alone, we are not able to see the real nature of the world around us. However, as we read the insights, theories and opinions of these speakers, it now seems that a new order was introduced to us. Rather than seeing love as a mere affair between two lovers and couple, love become a renewed entity that is or is becoming the central element wherein almost all things revolves. How is this possible? How does a very common element or topic such as love managed to renew its definition from a mere humanly affair toward a divine concept. Well, Socrates is the one we must consult. According to Socrates (through Diotima), love is neither a god nor mortal. Arguing so, will backfire against the love’s inclination towards happiness and beauty. As argued, love is a spirit who bridges the gap between the realm of the gods and realm of the humans. This can be seen on how humans communicate to gods and how gods communicate to human. As a spirit, love is the messenger between the two. As stated, â€Å"Gods do not mix with men; they mingle and converse with us through spirits [love] instead, whether we are awake or asleep. † (Plato 203a) Prayers and rituals are made possible through the love of the humans on gods. Blessings and gifts are made possible through the love of the gods on humans. In this respect, Plato had provided us a new perspective on how we can see love. We learned here that love is neither a god nor godly affair, neither an exclusive affair of the mortal. Instead, love is an instrument that can be used the mortal or by the human to communicate with gods. At the same time, love is also the instrument of the gods to communicate with humans. This discussion will be important if we contextualize the Platonic idea that concerns the world of forms. The idea of Plato, of the people who he regarded as the lovers of wisdom corresponds to this concept. Being a lover, humans are drawn towards the pursuit of wisdom. As can be seen in Plato’s’ numerous dialogues (i. e. The Republic, Phaedrus and Symposium), the real wisdom cannot be found and revealed in the realm of the humans. In short the real wisdom lies on the realm that is beyond this world. In many respects, wisdom is attributed to gods and the world of forms which is a place wherein the real knowledge and the real wisdom can be learned. In this respect, being a lover or possessing love bridges humans and gods. Being a lover gives the human a chance to have a glimpse of the world beyond theirs (i. e. world of forms) and at the same time, gods are given the chance to attract humans towards them. Gods are also able to share the wisdom and knowledge they possess to humans through the help of love. Again, this proved the significant role played by love between gods and humans. Another significant move done by Socrates is his extension of love from mere sexual and romantic affairs towards a more intellectual pursuit. Reproduction or giving birth is made possible through the love between couples. However, on Socrates speech, love does not only produce another human being. Love produces ideas that are immortal and lasts despite the death of its parent. As stated, â€Å". . . would look up to Homer, Hesiod, and the other good poets with envy and admiration for the offspring they have left behind – offspring which because they are immortal themselves, provide their parents with immortal glory and remembrance. † (Plato 209d) Human beings are capable of immortality. The first is his or her bearing of an offspring and the other one is bearing of ideas, worthy of surviving for ages. From these concepts of Plato, through Socrates, they had provided us new lenses on how we can see and define love. Love had expanded from its usual definition that is concerned in mere romantic and sexual affairs. Love is now a tool of gods and humans to communicate. Lastly, love is a powerful force that can widen and heighten the awareness of humans to reach a higher goal in the world beyond this earth. In this sense, the highest form of lovers is the lovers who are engaged in the love and pursuit of wisdom. These new conception of love and later on, philosophy as a whole (since the highest form of lover are the lovers of wisdom) had a big implication on how we will see other fields of knowledge prominent in the Greek era. Philosophy, now being the highest form of activity of man outmatches any field of knowledge. Rhetoric, sciences, education and poetry are merely disciplines of field of knowledge that are just concerned to the material world. All of them are just trying to mirror images. In short, they are providing us an image of another image. Almost seems a picture that took another picture. For Plato’s standards, this is not that an honorable act. It is important to note that for him, we should be engage in the affairs that will give us a glimpse of the world beyond us, simply the world of forms. Fields like rhetoric, sciences, education and poetry are just affairs of the world and do not directly orient us towards the pursuit of knowledge that is heavenly. This explanation places philosophy among these disciplines. This is because philosophy or the love of wisdom itself pushes us to love the things that are beyond the earth. Philosophy obliges its followers to move pass what the eyes can see. Philosophy urges its student to discover what is really there and not what only manifest in the world. The earthly characteristics of these fields of knowledge are very clear. Rhetoric for example is concerned with the persuasion of its audience through words and arguments that are not necessarily true. As long as it rings good to its listeners and able to persuade them, rhetoric is acceptable. Sciences have an edge to rhetoric. Sciences try to answer question, removing biases as much as possible. However, we must still take note that the method of science are merely exclusive on what is observable. In short, sciences are for this earth alone. Education falls on the same pitfall. Education is concerned with the things that concerned our earthly existence, unable to tackle what is the world beyond us. Poetry suffers the same fate. Much of poetry is based on the feelings and emotions of the poet that are worldly. It is subject to the opinions of its creator and not influenced on the wisdom that philosophy offers us. Summing it up, Plato, through Socrates had provided us new standards in assessing disciplines of knowledge. This standard had given a very important influence on how we see love. The conception of love had expanded from a mere human affair towards heavenly affairs. This new standard had put philosophy on the foreground since philosophers are the lovers of wisdom. This provided as a new light, a new goal and a new end that we must all pursue. Plato had taught us that we must take a flight away from the earth that we live in and take a quest that is aimed for the discovery of the world of forms, which are beyond what our eyes can see. Works Cited Plato. Symposium. Michael Joyce (trans). 1961. Princeton University Press. NJ. Print. Accessed 21 May 2010.

Divorce: Marriage and School Aged School

Divorce's Impact on Preschool, School-Age, and Adolescent Children Abstract This writing reviews current literature examining the impact of divorce on children in the context of family. The review encompasses ways divorce can be prevented and how un-prevented divorce can affect children of the specified ages. The ages of the children are outlined as preschool, school aged and adolescence. The impact on each group is different and considered. Ways to minimize the number of divorces is examined by outlining preventions on a state level.Recommendations for state established programs are made that would occur prior to marriage to prevent later iscommunications. In the face of unstoppable divorce it is important to understand how children can be helped to cope more effectively with divorce in context of future development. Divorce's impact on preschool, school-age, and adolescent children As divorce continues to be an option for marriage resolution it is important to take a look at how di vorce affects young children. Numerous studies have been done to prove the negative effects of divorce on children.This writing will examine those effects upon children of preschool, school, and adolescent aged children. It is mportant to understand the effects on children in terms of later development. Divorce affects both the custodial and non-custodial parent and their relationship with the child (ren). It effects how parents discipline their children and bond with their children. The negative effects of divorce could be avoided if divorce could be minimized. Minimizing divorce could prevent the negative long term effects of divorce on children.This writing will also take a look at how divorce can be minimized in order to circumvent negative effects on preschool, school and adolescent aged children. The impact of divorce on preschool, school aged and adolescent children needs to be understood in order to prevent long term emotional, mental, social and psychological issues later i n life. Preschool Preschool aged children generally marked from ages 4 to 5 years old have been found to have negative effects from divorce. Studies have engaged the personality traits of preschoolers to determine the impact of divorce . The main reference has been made to the attachment theory.This theory supports the idea that preschool children are affected by divorce emotionally . Attachment theory developed by John Bowlby is the bond between the child and the caregiver and plays a serious role in the developmental stages of growth. Preschoolers use their attachments as safety nets to depend on when exploring the world outside them. During the preschool years children will be attached to one or both parents and divorce causes an upset in that attachment. It has been documented that the attachment security is negatively impacted by divorce (Nair & Murray, 2005).The impact reflects mostly on the security of attachment. The preschool aged child exhibits behaviors of separation anxi ety and insecurity. It has been determined that negative effects to attachment will later become issues for older children . The preschool age children do not understand divorce but do understand that upset and the separation and may carry feelings of abandonment and fear of abandonment. Preschool children may feel if parents can divorce, then parents can divorce children. Preschool children are likely to feel responsible for the divorce and for the separated parents .Preschool children are effected by the custodial parents form of discipline, other children in the home, interaction with other children at school, relationships with teachers, and identifying ith self . All issues could develop into other negative elements later in growth. School Aged School aged children will handle divorce differently than preschoolers and will progress through successful with guidance. However, there are a few behaviors or effects that are characteristic and common of school aged children. Children at this age are affected behaviorally and psychological .These children tend to internalize the effects of divorce and think that the situation is caused by them. In turn they will think and act as if they have control over the situation. They will blame themselves or the divorce and will think they can get the parents back together if they behave. They will misbehave to get attention. They will act sick or experience true sickness in order to unite their parents. This stage is burdened with the responsibility of getting parents back together and will respond in ways to accomplish this mission . School aged children harbor fear of abandonment.The greatest effect on school aged children is not being able to see life past divorce. They are uncertain of the future and are confused about the roles to be played. This confusion will cause them o not want to participate at school and make up stories and act out Just to get attention. The combination of the change in parental separation, p arenting style, and parental coping skills leads them to behave in unexpected and uncharacteristic ways . These behaviors left unaddressed can lead into greater issues in adolescence. Adolescent The impact of divorce on adolescence can run deep and wide.Adolescence is affected behaviorally, socially, and psychologically. Children at this age are already experiencing socio-emotional changes and hormonal changes adding divorce can be a recipe for disaster. Since these children are more independent and self-functional the risk are higher for negative behaviors. Adolescence is a time for individualism and self-expression. The negative effects are displayed outwardly. Examples of adolescent behaviors include disobedience, failing school, and legal activities. During the time of divorce adolescence are confused, upset and angry.The anger drives the adolescent to participate in negative behaviors. They will be more upset with one parent over the other. The way they relate to others and get along with others will be dramatically attected The entire socialization process can be damaged nd without proper guidance could last well into the adult years . Divorce The negative effects of divorce become obvious after discussion. The greatest effects fall upon the children. Divorce is seen as a resolution to a bad marriage. Divorce is occurring more often and with the involvement of children. Preschool, school aged, and adolescence children can be more affected than adults.The emotional, behavioral, social and psychological effects of divorce are factors of development in life. Taking a proactive approach to divorce could alleviate and circumvent the negative effects on children. With divorce being the number one resolution to a bad marriage coming up with innovative and creative ways to prevent divorce can be difficult. Preventing divorce falls can be done with extending the process of marriage and educating the public before and during the marriage. In order to prevent divor ce the state could become more involved with the process of marriage .In the majority of states the process of marriage involves purchasing a marriage license and standing before a clerk or planning a wedding. It does not take much to get married. If the state were to take more interest in those who are equesting a marriage license and provide mandatory education to those apply, it could decrease the number of divorces. Greater involvement could go as far as outlining the marriage and discussing issues like parenting, education, work and career as well as sexual expectations . These are elements of a marriage that are not always discussed but could be the primary targets for divorce.In order to prevent divorce the state could mandate education and mentoring at various levels of a marriage. Prior to getting the state license for marriage the state could required counseling and educational classes about what to expect in marriage ife. Couples could discuss expectations and needs. Coup les could be mentored by other couples in order to learn healthy ways of communicating and resolving conflict. If a marriage is seemingly in trouble and headed for divorce, the state could mandate marriage counseling and education on healthier ways of resolving conflict.If the marriage is not salvageable then pre-counseling could be provided for divorce. The process of divorce could be discussed and when children are involved they could be included in the counseling in order to help them adjust prior to the change . Coping Until such measures could be mandated or implemented helping children to cope positively with the changes of divorce is a necessity. The social, emotional, behavioral and psychological effects of divorce despite the age of impact could affect the remaining stages of development when not positively adjusted.This writer is of the opinion that in order to help children cope they need to be involved in the process. Counseling the children about what divorce means, wha t to expect, and how things will change is an important element in divorce. Helping children to understand what is going on and what to expect. Children would have a better understanding of how divorce should affect them. It is important for children to know they are not responsible for the divorce and that parents still love them.It would also be helpful to have the children attend a group with other similar aged children to discuss the effects of divorce and how each one is coping. This would allow the chi Idren to gain support and realize they are not alone in the way that they feel. This would be a facilitated group where the facilitator could direct the discussion and help the children to identify with how they are feeling and work hrough the emotions and ideas. As a professional counselor I would be able to help each party involved by being available for open discussion as well as education. I would meet with the parties individually and as a group.I would inform the parents a bout the well-being of the children and make suggestions for family discussion. I would encourage both parents to have discussion with the child(ren) outside of counseling in order to gain the child's trust and help them to see that because the family is splitting up it is all about the parents and not the child(ren). Conclusion The impact of divorce on preschool, school aged and adolescence is emotional, behavioral, social and psychological. These effects cause issues involving healthy separation, self-esteem, and the development through the stages of growth.In younger children the effects of divorce are more psychological and effect the attachment of the child and the primary caregiver as well as self confidence to explore the world beyond self. The school aged children internalize the process and the conflict and seemingly take on the responsibility of putting the parents back together. Adolescents can fall into negative and illegal behaviors. These issues can be avoided by minim izing the number of divorces. This could be done with state involvement to mandate the process and the education of marriage.The mandates should take place before certification for marriage is approved and if necessary during the divorce process. As a counselor this writer would be available to see families through the process of education during conflict and counseling for family and individual children if entering the divorce process. Ulitimately understanding the impact of divorce on children is necessary in order to help children to cope and move ast emotions related to the process of divorce so they do not interfere in the stage development of the child.